Optimal experimental plot size for papaya cultivation

The objective of this work was to determine the optimal size of experimental plots for the evaluation of agronomic characteristics and fruit quality of papaya, by the linear model of plateau response, under soil and climatic conditions of the Recôncavo Baiano region, in the state of Bahia, Brazil. The experiment consisted of a uniformity test, with the papaya lineage L78, at 3×2 m spacing, in 16 rows with 22 plants, totaling 352 plants and 2,112 m² useful area. Each plant was considered as a basic unit, and 11 forms of pre-established plots, with rectangular and row formats, were obtained. The agronomic characteristics and fruit quality were evaluated in the plots. Optimal plot size varied greatly among the variables related to agronomic characteristics, with a greater participation of the variable number of marketable fruit per plant at 14 months (16 basic units). The optimal plot size for the evaluation of the agronomic characteristics and fruit quality in papaya is eight experimental units, with 48 m² area, at a spacing of 3 m between rows and 2 m between papaya plants.

Index terms:
Carica papaya; experimental accuracy; uniformity

Authorship

Mauricio dos Santos da Silva ^**Corresponding author: mauricio.engagro@gmail.com

Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas , Rua Rui Barbosa, no 710, Centro, CEP 44380-000 Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil. E-mail: mauricio.engagro@gmail.com, ssilva3000@gmail.com, maraagr@hotmail.com, leandrosilvaufrb@hotmail.comUniversidade Federal do Recôncavo da BahiaBrazilCruz das Almas, BA, Brazil Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Ambientais e Biológicas , Rua Rui Barbosa, no 710, Centro, CEP 44380-000 Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil. E-mail: mauricio.engagro@gmail.com, ssilva3000@gmail.com, maraagr@hotmail.com, leandrosilvaufrb@hotmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0292-8366

Sebastião de Oliveira e Silva

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1276-5233

Sérgio Luiz Rodrigues Donato

Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano, Distrito de Ceraíma, s/no, Zona Rural, CEP 46430-000 Guanambi, BA, Brazil. E-mail: sergiodonatoeaf@yahoo.com.brInstituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia BaianoBrazilGuanambi, BA, Brazil Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano, Distrito de Ceraíma, s/no, Zona Rural, CEP 46430-000 Guanambi, BA, Brazil. E-mail: sergiodonatoeaf@yahoo.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7719-4662

Carlos Alberto da Silva Ledo

Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Rua Embrapa, s/no, Chapadinha, CEP 44380-000 Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil. E-mail: carlos.ledo@embrapa.brEmbrapa Mandioca e FruticulturaBrazilCruz das Almas, BA, Brazil Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Rua Embrapa, s/no, Chapadinha, CEP 44380-000 Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil. E-mail: carlos.ledo@embrapa.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9578-4167

Orlando Melo Sampaio Filho

Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano, Rua Waldemar Mascarenhas, s/no, Portão, CEP 44350-000 Governador Mangabeira, BA, Brazil. E-mail: nandaoagrufba@hotmail.comInstituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia BaianoBrazilGovernador Mangabeira, BA, BrazilInstituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano, Rua Waldemar Mascarenhas, s/no, Portão, CEP 44350-000 Governador Mangabeira, BA, Brazil. E-mail: nandaoagrufba@hotmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5357-0301

Gilmara de Melo Araújo Silva

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7450-4541

Antônio Leandro da Silva Conceição

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5329-0828

*Corresponding author: mauricio.engagro@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (2)
Tables (4)
Formulas (1)

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Figure 1.
Relationship between the coefficient of variation (CV) and the greatest plot size (Xbu) in basic unit (bu), using the linear model of plateau response for the following variables of agronomic characteristics of Carica papaya plants: PH6, plant height at six months; PH12, plant height at 12 months; PH18, plant height at 18 months; SD6, stem diameter at six months; SD12, stem diameter at 12 months; SD18, stem diameter at 18 months; IHFF, insertion height of the first fruit; PREC, precocity; NMF9, number of marketable fruit per plant at nine months; NMF14, number of marketable fruit per plant at 14 months; and PROD, productivity.

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Figure 2.
Relationship between the coefficient of variation (CV) and the greatest plot size (Xbu) in basic unit (bu), using the linear model of plateau response for the following variables of agronomic characteristics related to the fruit quality of Carica papaya: FD, fruit diameter; FL, fruit length; FW, fruit weight; FF, fruit firmness; PT, pulp thickness; DIC, diameter of the inner cavity; and SS, soluble solids.

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Table 1.
Estimates of coefficient of variation (CV), depending on the plot size in basic unit (Xbu), for agronomic characteristics of Carica papaya plants.

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Table 2.
Estimates of coefficient of variation (CV), depending on the plot size in basic unit (Xbu), for the agronomic characteristics of Carica papaya fruit.

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Table 3.
Optimal plot size obtained with the linear model of plateau response for the agronomic characteristics of Carica papaya plants.

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Table 4.
Optimal plot size determined by the linear model of plateau response for the agronomic characteristics related to the quality of Carica papaya fruit.

Thumbnail

Figure 1. Relationship between the coefficient of variation (CV) and the greatest plot size (Xbu) in basic unit (bu), using the linear model of plateau response for the following variables of agronomic characteristics of Carica papaya plants: PH6, plant height at six months; PH12, plant height at 12 months; PH18, plant height at 18 months; SD6, stem diameter at six months; SD12, stem diameter at 12 months; SD18, stem diameter at 18 months; IHFF, insertion height of the first fruit; PREC, precocity; NMF9, number of marketable fruit per plant at nine months; NMF14, number of marketable fruit per plant at 14 months; and PROD, productivity.

Figure 2. Relationship between the coefficient of variation (CV) and the greatest plot size (Xbu) in basic unit (bu), using the linear model of plateau response for the following variables of agronomic characteristics related to the fruit quality of Carica papaya: FD, fruit diameter; FL, fruit length; FW, fruit weight; FF, fruit firmness; PT, pulp thickness; DIC, diameter of the inner cavity; and SS, soluble solids.

Table 1. Estimates of coefficient of variation (CV), depending on the plot size in basic unit (Xbu), for agronomic characteristics of Carica papaya plants.

Form	Dimension	Xbu	Coefficient of variation (%)
Form	F x P/F	Xbu	PH6	PH12	PH18	IHFF	SD6	SD12	SD18	PREC	NMF9	NMF14	PROD
Plant	1 x 1	1	16.06	12.37	10.33	15.21	29.49	14.21	11.73	11.22	55.81	38.14	39.89
Row	2 x 1	2	12.52	9.80	8.26	10.77	22.92	11.51	9.53	7.48	44.40	29.42	32.58
Row	4 x 1	4	9.88	7.64	6.70	8.20	17.57	9.33	7.98	5.66	36.97	24.85	28.64
Row	8 x 1	8	7.14	5.04	4.92	6.06	12.22	7.44	6.47	4.36	25.74	19.53	21.39
Row	1 x 11	11	8.01	7.34	6.34	6.15	12.38	8.40	7.34	3.97	30.68	26.80	25.79
Row	16 x 1	16	5.62	4.09	2.68	4.72	8.58	4.31	3.45	3.40	16.69	13.61	14.20
Rectangular	2 x 11	22	7.31	6.16	5.54	4.27	11.24	7.77	6.72	3.37	27.86	21.28	22.71
Rectangular	16 x 2	32	4.44	3.74	2.21	3.69	7.04	3.83	2.75	3.02	15.48	12.72	13.67
Rectangular	2 x 22	44	4.88	4.56	4.81	3.10	7.13	6.70	6.01	1.95	25.68	19.20	20.73
Rectangular	8 x 11	88	6.11	4.11	4.34	2.40	9.47	6.79	5.82	2.97	22.50	15.74	18.75
Rectangular	16 x 11	176	5.62	4.00	2.02	2.40	8.22	3.68	2.18	3.19	12.32	9.56	10.93

PH6, plant height at six months; PH12, plant height at 12 months; PH18, plant height at 18 months; IHFF, insertion height of the first fruits; SD6, stem diameter at six months; SD12, stem diameter at 12 months; SD18, stem diameter at 18 months; PREC, precocity; NMF9, number of marketable fruit per plant at nine months; NMF14, number of marketable fruit per plant at 14 months; PROD, productivity; F, row; and P/F, plant per row.

Table 2. Estimates of coefficient of variation (CV), depending on the plot size in basic unit (Xbu), for the agronomic characteristics of Carica papaya fruit.

Form	Dimension	Xbu	Coefficient of variation (%)
Form	F x P/F	Xbu	FD	FL	FW	FF	PT	DIC	SS
Plant	1 x 1	1	6.63	6.15	17.14	19.87	11.53	9.38	5.50
Row	2 x 1	2	4.88	4.37	12.40	14.14	8.93	6.73	3.99
Row	4 x 1	4	3.46	3.18	8.89	10.31	7.07	4.55	2.81
Row	8 x 1	8	2.67	2.60	6.99	7.85	5.31	3.16	1.98
Row	1 x 11	11	2.66	2.47	7.34	7.73	5.45	2.93	2.12
Row	16 x 1	16	2.40	2.03	5.37	5.45	4.21	2.68	1.23
Rectangular	2 x 11	22	2.32	1.92	6.32	6.21	4.88	2.31	1.52
Rectangular	16 x 2	32	2.03	1.74	4.32	4.65	3.68	1.70	0.94
Rectangular	2 x 22	44	1.16	1.68	4.96	4.29	3.78	1.91	1.10
Rectangular	8 x 11	88	1.88	1.38	4.92	4.68	4.41	1.30	1.08
Rectangular	16 x 11	176	2.12	0.48	3.76	5.10	4.06	0.89	0.76

FD, fruit diameter; FL, fruit length; FW, fruit weight; FF, fruit firmness; PT, pulp thickness; DIC, diameter of the inner cavity; SS, soluble solids; F, row; and P/F, plant per row.

Table 3. Optimal plot size obtained with the linear model of plateau response for the agronomic characteristics of Carica papaya plants.

Variable	If	Parameter			X₀	≈ Xbu
Variable	If	CVi	β₀	β₁	X₀	≈ Xbu
PH6	X ≤ X₀		17.39	-1.96	5.75	6
PH6	X > X₀	6.12			5.75	6
PH12	X ≤ X₀		13.45	-1.51	5.69	6
PH12	X > X₀	4.86			5.69	6
PH18	X ≤ X₀		9.41	-0.41	13.70	14
PH18	X > X₀	3.79			13.70	14
SD6	X ≤ X₀		32.16	-3.79	5.98	6
SD6	X > X₀	9.54			5.98	6
SD12	X ≤ X₀		12.99	-0.54	13.37	14
SD12	X > X₀	5.75			13.37	14
SD18	X ≤ X₀		10.88	-0.45	13.84	14
SD18	X > X₀	4.70			13.84	14
PREC	X ≤ X₀		12.13	-1.72	5.15	6
PREC	X > X₀	3.28			5.15	6
IHFF	X ≤ X₀		16.49	-2.18	5.67	6
IHFF	X > X₀	4.13			5.67	6
NMF9	X ≤ X₀		59.53	-5.91	6.32	7
NMF9	X > X₀	22.12			6.32	7
NMF14	X ≤ X₀		33.78	-1.20	15.09	16
NMF14	X > X₀	15.70			15.09	16
PROD	X ≤ X₀		36.90	-1.40	13.93	14
PROD	X > X₀	17.36			13.93	14

PH6, plant height at six months; PH12, plant height at 12 months; PH18, plant height at 18 months; SD6, stem diameter at six months; SD12, stem diameter at 12 months; SD18, stem diameter at 18 months; PREC, precocity; IHFF, insertion height of the first fruit; NMF9, number of marketable fruit per plant at nine months; NMF14, number of marketable fruit per plant at 14 months; PROD, productivity; X, plot size in basic unit (bu); β₀ and β₁, estimated parameters of the model; X₀, greatest plot size; Xbu, greatest plot size rounded to the nearest whole number.

Table 4. Optimal plot size determined by the linear model of plateau response for the agronomic characteristics related to the quality of Carica papaya fruit.

Variable	If	Parameters			X₀	≈ Xbu
		CVi	β₀	β₁
FD	X ≤ X₀		7.34	-1.01	5.15	6
	X > X₀	2.16
FL	X ≤ X₀		6.75	-0.93	5.31	6
	X > X₀	1.79
FW	X ≤ X₀		18.89	-2.61	5.14	6
	X > X₀	5.50
FF	X ≤ X₀		21.78	-3.00	5.34	6
	X > X₀	5.75
PT	X ≤ X₀		12.47	-1.41	5.67	6
	X > X₀	4.47
DCI	X ≤ X₀		10.47	-1.54	5.44	6
	X > X₀	2.11
SS	X ≤ X₀		6.09	-0.85	5.58	6
	X > X₀	1.34

FD, fruit diameter; FL, fruit length; FW, fruit weight; FF, fruit firmness; PT, pulp thickness; DIC, diameter of the inner cavity; SS, soluble solids; X, plot size in basic unit (bu); β₀ and β₁, estimated parameters of the model; X₀, greatest plot size; Xbu, greatest plot size rounded to the nearest whole number.

CVi = {\begin{cases} β_{0} + β_{1} X + ε_{i} if X \leq X_{0} \\ P + ε_{i} if X > X_{0} \end{cases}

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[1] *Corresponding author: mauricio.engagro@gmail.com