Soybean-corn succession according to seeding date

The objective of this work was to evaluate the grain yield of soybean and corn cultivars cropped in succession, in different sowing dates. The experiment was carried out in the municipality of Dourados, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, during three growing seasons, in the sowing dates: 9/15, 10/1, 10/15, and 11/1 for soybean; and 2/1, 2/15, 3/1, and 3/15 for corn. Although soybean yields are strongly affected by the crop season, sowing between late September and early October results in higher long-term yields. Planting corn in succession in mid-February provides the highest grain yield in the southern region of the state Mato Grosso do Sul; therefore, there is no need for an early soybean sowing in September, in order to ensure corn planting in January. Soybean-corn succession in which soybean is sown in early October and corn in mid-February results in higher total grain yields and reduces the climatic risk associated with these crops in the region.

Index terms:
Glycine max; Zea mays; climatic risk; early sowing; off-season corn; production system

Authorship

Rodrigo Arroyo Garcia

Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste, Rodovia BR 163, Km 253,6, CEP 79804-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil. E-mail: rodrigo.garcia@embrapa.br, gessi.ceccon@embrapa.brEmbrapa Agropecuária OesteBrazilDourados, MS, BrazilEmbrapa Agropecuária Oeste, Rodovia BR 163, Km 253,6, CEP 79804-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil. E-mail: rodrigo.garcia@embrapa.br, gessi.ceccon@embrapa.br

Gessí Ceccon

Guilherme Afonso da Silva Sutier

Centro Universitário da Grande Dourados, Rua Balbina de Matos, no 2.121, Jardim Universitário, CEP 79824-900 Dourados, MS, Brazil. E-mail: guilherme_sutier@hotmail.comCentro Universitário da Grande DouradosBrazilDourados, MS, BrazilCentro Universitário da Grande Dourados, Rua Balbina de Matos, no 2.121, Jardim Universitário, CEP 79824-900 Dourados, MS, Brazil. E-mail: guilherme_sutier@hotmail.com

Anna Luiza Farias dos Santos

Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, Km 12, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 533, CEP 79804-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil. E-mail: annaluiza_di@hotmail.comUniversidade Federal da Grande DouradosBrazilDourados, MS, BrazilUniversidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados-Itahum, Km 12, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 533, CEP 79804-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil. E-mail: annaluiza_di@hotmail.com

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Figures | Tables

Figures (2)
Tables (4)

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Fig. 1.
Mean values of temperature and rainfall for ten-day periods during the experiment (February 2013 to March 2016) in the municipality of Dourados, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Obtained from the agrometeorological station of Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste.

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Figure 2.
Total yield (kg ha^-1) of the soybean (Glycine max)-corn (Zea mays) successions in 2013/2014 (A), 2014/2015 (B), 2015/2016 (C), and the mean of the three study years (D), according to the different sowing dates and soybean and corn cultivars. First period: soybean sown on September 15 and corn sown on February 1; second period: soybean sown on October 1 and corn sown on February 15; third period: soybean sown on October 15 and corn sown on March 1; and fourth period: soybean sown on November 1 and corn sown on March 15. A and B charts: ♦, BRS 284 and BRS 1010; □, BRS 284 and DKB 390; Δ, BRS 360 RR, and BRS 1010; and ■, BRS 360 RR and DKB 390. C chart: ♦, BRS 388RR and BRS 1010; □, BRS 388RR and DKB 390; Δ, BRS 1001IPRO and BRS 1010; and ■, BRS 1001IPRO and DKB 390. * and **Significant by the F-test, at 5 and 1% probability, respectively. Least significant difference (LSD) between the seasons for the average of the three harvests: 793 kg ha^-1.

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Table 1.
Soybean (Glycine max) and corn (Zea mays) sowing periods in which 10-mm irrigation was required to ensure germination, in the different harvests evaluated in the municipality of Dourados, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

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Table 2.
Significance of the analysis of variance⁽¹⁾ of the effects of sowing dates and cultivars on soybean (Glycine max) and corn (Zea mays) yields, in the different harvests evaluated in the municipality of Dourados, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

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Table 3.
Grain yield (kg ha^-1) of different soybean (Glycine max) cultivars planted in several dates, in the crop seasons evaluated in in the municipality of Dourados, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil⁽¹⁾.

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Table 4.
Grain yield (kg ha^-1) of different corn (Zea mays) cultivars planted in several dates, in the different crop seasons evaluated in the municipality of Dourados, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil⁽¹⁾.

Fig. 1. Mean values of temperature and rainfall for ten-day periods during the experiment (February 2013 to March 2016) in the municipality of Dourados, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Obtained from the agrometeorological station of Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste.

Figure 2. Total yield (kg ha^-1) of the soybean (Glycine max)-corn (Zea mays) successions in 2013/2014 (A), 2014/2015 (B), 2015/2016 (C), and the mean of the three study years (D), according to the different sowing dates and soybean and corn cultivars. First period: soybean sown on September 15 and corn sown on February 1; second period: soybean sown on October 1 and corn sown on February 15; third period: soybean sown on October 15 and corn sown on March 1; and fourth period: soybean sown on November 1 and corn sown on March 15. A and B charts: ♦, BRS 284 and BRS 1010; □, BRS 284 and DKB 390; Δ, BRS 360 RR, and BRS 1010; and ■, BRS 360 RR and DKB 390. C chart: ♦, BRS 388RR and BRS 1010; □, BRS 388RR and DKB 390; Δ, BRS 1001IPRO and BRS 1010; and ■, BRS 1001IPRO and DKB 390. * and **Significant by the F-test, at 5 and 1% probability, respectively. Least significant difference (LSD) between the seasons for the average of the three harvests: 793 kg ha^-1.

Table 1. Soybean (Glycine max) and corn (Zea mays) sowing periods in which 10-mm irrigation was required to ensure germination, in the different harvests evaluated in the municipality of Dourados, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

Sowing dates	Harvests
Sowing dates	2013/2014	2014/2015	2015/2016
	Soybean
Mid-September	-	X	X
Early October	-	X	-
Mid-October	-	X	-
Early November	X	-	-
	Corn
Beginning of February	X	X	-
Mid-February	-	-	-
Beginning of March	X	-	X
Mid-March	X	-	-

Table 2. Significance of the analysis of variance⁽¹⁾ of the effects of sowing dates and cultivars on soybean (Glycine max) and corn (Zea mays) yields, in the different harvests evaluated in the municipality of Dourados, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

Source of variation	Harvests			Mean⁽²⁾
Source of variation	2013/2014	2014/2015	2015/2016	Mean⁽²⁾
	Soybean
Sowing date (S)	0.0000	0.0000	0.1992	0.0021
Cultivar (C)	0.1423	0.0783	0.6111	-
SxC	0.0000	0.0000	0.0048	-
CV (%)	8.08	8.92	7.57	11.09
	Corn
Sowing date (S)	0.0000	0.1463	0.0000	0.0001
Cultivar (C)	0.0666	0.0060	0.0005	-
SxC	0.4562	0.0004	0.2974	-
CV (%)	15.09	12.49	11.74	13.10

⁽¹⁾p-value of the F-test. ⁽²⁾Average of the three soybean and corn harvests, evaluating the main effects of the sowing dates, without considering the interaction effects with the cultivars.

Table 3. Grain yield (kg ha^-1) of different soybean (Glycine max) cultivars planted in several dates, in the crop seasons evaluated in in the municipality of Dourados, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil⁽¹⁾.

Cultivar	Sowing dates				Mean
Cultivar	Mid-September	Early October	Mid-October	Early November	Mean
	Soybean in 2013/2014
BRS 284	3,377Ba	3,835Aa	3,228Bb	2,532Cb	3,243
BRS 360 RR	2,681Bb	3,640Aa	3,662Aa	3,564Aa	3,386
Mean	3,029C	3,738A	3,445B	3,048C	-
	Soybean in 2014/2015
BRS 284	3,728Aa	2,720Ba	1,064Cb	2,576Ba	2,522
BRS 360 RR	3,208Ab	3,051Aa	2,096Ba	2,336Ba	2,673
Mean	3,468A	2,886B	1,580D	2,456C	-
	Soybean in 2015/2016
BRS 388RR	3,217ABa	3,568Aa	2,995Bb	3,324ABa	3,276
BRS 1001IPRO	3,213ABa	3,244ABa	3,515Aa	2,952Bb	3,231
Mean	3,215	3,406	3,255	3.138	-
	Mean of three harvests
Mean of cultivars	3,238A	3,344A	2,760B	2,881B	-

⁽¹⁾Means followed by equal letters, uppercase in the lines and lowercase in the columns, do not differ by the t-test, at 5% probability.

Table 4. Grain yield (kg ha^-1) of different corn (Zea mays) cultivars planted in several dates, in the different crop seasons evaluated in the municipality of Dourados, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil⁽¹⁾.

Cultivar	Sowing dates				Mean
Cultivar	Beginning of February	Mid-February	Beginning of March	Mid-March	Mean
	Corn in 2013
BRS 1010	8,046	9,120	7,645	4,810	7,405
DKB 390	8,981	10,574	7,305	5,962	8,205
Mean	8,513B	9,847A	7,475B	5,386C	-
	Corn in 2014
BRS 1010	5,302Bb	6,669Aa	5,147Bb	6,041ABa	5,789b
DKB 390	8,141Aa	5,761Ba	6,475Ba	6,088Ba	6,616a
Mean	6,721	6,215	5,811	6,064	-
	Corn in 2015
BRS 1010	5,565	8,025	5,877	5,494	6,240b
DKB 390	7,157	8,693	7,658	5,995	7,376a
Mean	6,361BC	8,359A	6,767B	5,744C	-
	Mean of three harvests
Mean of cultivars	7,199B	8,141A	6,685BC	5,732C	-

⁽¹⁾Means followed by equal letters, uppercase in the lines and lowercase in the columns, do not differ by the t-test, at 5% probability.

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Embrapa Secretaria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento; Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira Caixa Postal 040315, 70770-901 Brasília DF Brazil, Tel. +55 61 3448-1813, Fax +55 61 3340-5483 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
E-mail: pab@embrapa.br

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Soybean-corn succession according to seeding date

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[TFN1] ⁽¹⁾p-value of the F-test. ⁽²⁾Average of the three soybean and corn harvests, evaluating the main effects of the sowing dates, without considering the interaction effects with the cultivars.