Dietary supplementation with glutamine or glutamic acid for weanling piglets

Amorim, Alessandro Borges; Saleh, Mayra Anton Dib; Miassi, Gabriela de Mello; Berto, Dirlei Antonio

doi:10.1590/S0100-204X2018000200012

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ZOOTECNIA • Pesq. agropec. bras. 53 (02) • Feb 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2018000200012 copy

Dietary supplementation with glutamine or glutamic acid for weanling piglets

Suplementação dietética de glutamina ou ácido glutâmico para leitões recém-desmamados

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract:

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of dietary glutamine and glutamic acid supplementation on carbon turnover (δ¹³C) in the muscles of piglets, on animal performance, and on feed economic feasibility. The diets consisted of: control (C), 1% glutamine (G), and 1% glutamic acid (GA). In experiment I, 111 piglets were used to assess carbon turnover in the Masseter, Psoas major, and Abdominal internal oblique muscles in terms of their isotopic composition and ¹³C substitution over time. In experiment II, 72 piglets were assigned randomly to blocks (eight replicates per treatment and three animals per experimental unit), in order to evaluate animal performance and feed economic feasibility. The GA diet promoted the best ¹³C acceleration in the studied muscles. No diet effects were observed on performance variables. The G and GA diets presented higher costs than the C diet. Although supplementation with 1% glutamine or glutamic acid accelerates carbon turnover in the studied muscles, which suggests a faster recovery during post-weaning and proves the anabolic effect of these additives, its use is not economically viable for weanling piglets.

Index terms:
Sus scrofa; additives; anabolic effect; carbon turnover; economic feasibility; stable isotopes

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[TFN1] ⁽¹⁾B.H.T., Butylated hydroxytoluene. ⁽²⁾Mineral and vitamin premixes, supplied per kg of diet: 100 mg Fe, 10 mg Cu, 40 mg Mn, 100 mg Zn, 1 mg Co, 1.5 mg I, 0.78 mg Se, 10,000 IU vitamin A, 2,000 IU vitamin D3, 0.2 mg biotin, 30 mg niacin, 100 mg calcium pantothenate, 30 μg vitamin B12, 6 mg vitamin B2, 50,000,000 IU vitamin E, and 2 mg vitamin K3. ⁽³⁾Composed of sodium saccharin, neohesperidin, and silicon dioxide. C, control diet; G, diet containing 1% glutamine; and GA, diet containing 1% glutamic acid. Nutritional values of ingredients proposed by Rostagno et al. (2011). Phase feeding program of piglets from experiment I (pre-starter, 21 to 35 days old; starter I, 36 to 50 days old; starter II, 51 to 80 days old) and experiment II (pre-starter, 21 to 35 days old; starter I, 36 to 50 days old; and starter II, 51 to 55 days old).

Ingredients	Pre-starter diets			Starter I diets			Starter II diets
Ingredients	C	G	GA	C	G	GA	C	G	GA
Rice grits	57.41	56.41	56.41	60.51	59.51	59.51	64.25	63.25	63.25
Soybean meal 46%	20.00	20.00	20.00	25.00	25.00	25.00	30.00	30.00	30.00
Whey concentrate protein	6.80	6.80	6.80	3.70	3.70	3.70	-	-	-
Maltodextrin	6.66	6.66	6.66	3.17	3.17	3.17	-	-	-
Corn gluten meal 60%	2.60	2.60	2.60	1.69	1.69	1.69	1.30	1.30	1.30
Soybean-oil	1.48	1.48	1.48	1.53	1.53	1.53	1.50	1.50	1.50
Glutamine 99%	-	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-	1.00	-
Glutamic acid 98.5%	-	-	1.00	-	-	1.00	-	-	1.00
Dicalcium phosphate	1.25	1.25	1.25	1.50	1.50	1.50	1.23	1.23	1.23
Limestone	1.03	1.03	1.03	0.90	0.90	0.90	0.83	0.83	0.83
Salt	0.59	0.59	0.59	0.62	0.62	0.62	0.46	0.46	0.46
L-lysine HCl 78.4%	0.77	0.77	0.77	0.55	0.55	0.55	0.09	0.09	0.09
DL-methionine 99%	0.23	0.23	0.23	0.21	0.21	0.21	-	-	-
L-theonine 98%	0.31	0.31	0.31	0.22	0.22	0.22	-	-	-
L-tryptophan 99%	0.06	0.06	0.06	0.02	0.02	0.02	-	-	-
L-valine 96.5%	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.03	0.03	0.03	-	-	-
ZnO 77%	0.34	0.34	0.34	-	-	-	-	-	-
Choline chloride 60%	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07
Antioxidant⁽¹⁾	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02
Premixes⁽²⁾	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Sweetener⁽³⁾	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02

Diet component	Pre-starter diet			Starter I diet			Starter II diet
Diet component	C	G	GA	C	G	GA	C	G	GA
Metabolizable energy⁽²⁾ (MJ kg^-1)	14.235	14.235	14.235	14.164	14.164	14.164	14.109	14.109	14.109
Crude protein (%)	19.00	19.00	19.00	19.55	19.55	19.55	19.90	19.90	19.90
Digestible lysine (%)	1.45	1.45	1.45	1.33	1.33	1.33	1.01	1.01	1.01
Digestible methionine (%)	0.52	0.52	0.52	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.31	0.31	0.31
Digestible valine (%)	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.92	0.92	0.92	0.20	0.20	0.20
Digestible theonine (%)	0.91	0.91	0.91	0.84	0.84	0.84	0.64	0.64	0.64
Digestible tryptophan (%)	0.26	0.26	0.26	0.24	0.24	0.24	0.23	0.23	0.23
Lactose-equivalent (%)	10.00	10.00	10.00	5.01	5.01	5.01	-	-	-
Ca (%)	0.82	0.82	0.82	0.83	0.83	0.83	0.72	0.72	0.72
Digestible P (%)	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.34	0.34	0.34

Diet	Equations	R²	T_50% (days)
	Abdominal internal oblique
Control	δ¹³C = -42.90 + 27.33e^-0.00752t	0.97	92.18
1% glutamine	δ¹³C = -32.77 + 17.45e^-0.014519t	0.94	47.74
1% glutamic acid	δ¹³C = -32.55 + 17.07e^-0.015014t	0.92	46.13
	Psoas major
Control	δ¹³C = -68.00 + 52.46e^-0.003425t	0.94	202.37
1% glutamine	δ¹³C = -36.28 + 20.89e^-0.010651t	0.96	65.07
1% glutamic acid	δ¹³C = -74.28 + 17.53e^-0.013462t	0.93	51.49
	Masseter
Control	δ¹³C = -64.13 + 48.73e^-0.003625t	0.98	191.19
1% glutamine	δ¹³C = -36.05 + 20.88e^-0.010521t	0.92	65.88
1% glutamic acid	δ¹³C = -31.82 + 16.73e^-0.014459t	0.94	47.94

Variable	Diet			Coefficient of variation (%)	p-value⁽¹⁾
Variable	Control	Glutamine	Glutamic acid	Coefficient of variation (%)	p-value⁽¹⁾
Mean initial body weight (kg)	7.23	7.24	7.23
Mean final body weight (kg)	22.65	21.76	22.09
	Period 1 (21 to 28 days old)
DFI (g per day)	0.289	0.278	0.271	13.41	0.6351
DWG (g per day)	0.201	0.205	0.202	13.34	0.9501
F:G	1.38	1.35	1.33	7.04	0.5965
	Period 2 (21 to 35 days old)
DFI (g per day)	0.443	0.434	0.419	9.70	0.5166
DWG (g per day)	0.305	0.293	0.282	9.25	0.2886
F:G	1.45	1.48	1.48	7.57	0.8135
	Period 3 (21 to 48 days old)
DFI (g per day)	0.651	0.615	0.619	7.40	0.2725
DWG (g per day)	0.403	0.373	0.377	6.92	0.0903
F:G	1.62	1.65	1.64	4.77	0.7637
	Period 4 (21 to 55 days old)
DFI (g per day)	0.765	0.727	0.739	5.94	0.2429
DWG (g per day)	0.453	0.427	0.437	5.73	0.1530
F:G	1.67	1.70	1.69	3.04	0.8863

Variable	Diet
Variable	Control	Glutamine	Glutamic acid
	Period 1 (21 to 28 days old)
Feed cost	1.09	1.16	1.03
Economic efficiency index	100.00	88.98	99.64
Mean cost index	100.00	112.38	100.36
	Period 2 (21 to 35 days old)
Feed cost	1.08	1.27	1.15
Economic efficiency index	100.00	85.29	94.09
Mean cost index	100.00	117.25	106.29
	Period 3 (21 to 48 days old)
Feed cost	0.85	1.05	0.92
Economic efficiency index	100.00	81.11	93.32
Mean cost index	100.00	123.29	107.15
	Period 4 (21 to 55 days old)
Feed cost	0.47	0.67	0.90
Economic efficiency index	100.00	70.61	85.77
Mean cost index	100.00	141.63	116.60