Silicon and agar on in vitro development of cockscomb (Amaranthaceae)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of silicon and agar concentrations on cockscomb (Celosia cristata) (Amaranthaceae) development in vitro. Phytotechnical, anatomical, and ultrastructural analyses were carried out in a completely randomized design, in a 4x3 factorial arrangment, with four silicic acid concentrations (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g L^-1) and three agar concentrations (5.5, 8.0, and 10.5 g L^-1), totaling 12 treatments with seven replicates. Celosia cristata explants were inoculated in vitro in a Murashige & Skoog (MS) culture medium, with 30 g L^-1 sucrose. The analyses were conducted 30 days after inoculation. Phytotechnical traits improve with agar concentration of 8.0 g L^-1, and the association of this concentration with 1.0 g L^-1 silicon also contributes to the improvement of anatomical attributes, especially of leaf blade width and thickness of the palisade and spongy parenchyma, which contributes to the development of C. cristata. None of the evaluated combinations of agar and silicon contributes to Si deposition on the foliar epidermis of this ornamental species.

Index terms:
Celosia cristata; gelling agent; micropropagation; ornamental plant; silicic acid

Authorship

Franscinely Aparecida de Assis

Centro Universitário de Goiatuba (UniCerrado), Rodovia GO 320, Jardim Santa Paula, CEP 75600-000 Goiatuba, GO, Brazil. E-mail: franscinelyagronomia@yahoo.com.brCentro Universitário de GoiatubaBrazilGoiatuba, GO, BrazilCentro Universitário de Goiatuba (UniCerrado), Rodovia GO 320, Jardim Santa Paula, CEP 75600-000 Goiatuba, GO, Brazil. E-mail: franscinelyagronomia@yahoo.com.br

Genaina Aparecida de Souza

Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Avenida Purdue, s/no, CEP 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil. E-mail: genainasouza@yahoo.com.brUniversidade Federal de ViçosaBrazilViçosa, MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Avenida Purdue, s/no, CEP 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil. E-mail: genainasouza@yahoo.com.br

Gabrielen de Maria Gomes Dias

Universidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Agricultura, Campus Universitário, Caixa Postal 3037, CEP 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil. E-mail: gabriellen@gmail.com, filipealmendagna@yahoo.com.br, mpasqual@dag.ufla.br, babinogueiraagro@hotmail.comUniversidade Federal de LavrasBrazilLavras, MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Lavras, Departamento de Agricultura, Campus Universitário, Caixa Postal 3037, CEP 37200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil. E-mail: gabriellen@gmail.com, filipealmendagna@yahoo.com.br, mpasqual@dag.ufla.br, babinogueiraagro@hotmail.com

Gleice Aparecida de Assis

Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Campus Monte Carmelo, Rodovia LMG 746, Km 1, Araras, CEP 38500-000 Monte Carmelo, MG, Brazil. E-mail: gaassis@iciag.ufu.br, fabiojanoni@hotmail.comUniversidade Federal de UberlândiaBrazilMonte Carmelo, MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Uberlândia, Campus Monte Carmelo, Rodovia LMG 746, Km 1, Araras, CEP 38500-000 Monte Carmelo, MG, Brazil. E-mail: gaassis@iciag.ufu.br, fabiojanoni@hotmail.com

Filipe Almendagna Rodrigues

Moacir Pasqual

Bárbara Nogueira Souza Costa

Fabio Janoni Carvalho

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (4)
Tables (2)

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Figure 1.
Transverse section of Celosia cristata leaf stained with toluidine blue: A, 0.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 5.5 g L^-1 agar; B, 0.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 5.5 g L^-1 agar; C, 1.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 5.5 g L^-1 agar; D, 1.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 5.5 g L^-1 agar; E, 0.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 8.0 g L^-1 agar; and F, 0.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 8.0 g L^-1 agar. The bars represent 100 μm. Ed, adaxial epidermis; Eb, abaxial epidermis; Pp, palisade parenchyma; Pl, spongy parenchyma; e, stomata; and c, calcium crystal.

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Figure 2.
Transverse section of Celosia cristata leaf stained with toluidine blue: A, 1.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 8.0 g L^-1 agar; B, 1.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 8.0 g L^-1 agar; C, 0.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 10.5 g L^-1 agar; D, 0.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 10.5 g L^-1 agar; E, 1.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 10.5 g L^-1 agar; and F, 1.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 10.5 g L^-1 agar. The bars represent 100 μm. Ed, adaxial epidermis; Eb, abaxial epidermis; Pp, palisade parenchyma; Pl, spongy parenchyma; e, stomata; and c, calcium crystal.

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Figure 3.
Scanning electronic micrographs of the epidermis appearance in Celosia cristata leaves subjected to different concentrations of silicon and agar in vitro: A, 0.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 5.5 g L^-1 agar; B, 0.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 5.5 g L^-1 agar; C, 1.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 5.5 g L^-1 agar; D, 1.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 5.5 g L^-1 agar; E, 0.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 8.0 g L^-1 agar; and F, 0.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 8.0 g L^-1 agar. The bars represent 20 μm. Arrows indicate the presence of stomata and glandular trichomes.

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Figure 4.
Scanning electronic micrographs of the epidermis appearance in Celosia cristata leaves subjected to different concentrations of silicon and agar in vitro: A, 1.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 8.0 g L^-1 agar; B, 1.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 8.0 g L^-1 agar; C, 0.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 10.5 g L^-1 agar; D, 0.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 10.5 g L^-1 agar; E, 1.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 10.5 g L^-1 agar; and F, 1.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 10.5 g L^-1 agar. The bars represent 20 μm. Arrows indicate the presence of stomata and glandular trichomes.

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Table 1.
Phytotechnical traits of Celosia cristata subjected to different agar concentrations in vitro⁽¹⁾.

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Table 2.
Anatomical traits of Celosia cristata subjected to different concentrations of silicon and agar in vitro.

Figure 1. Transverse section of Celosia cristata leaf stained with toluidine blue: A, 0.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 5.5 g L^-1 agar; B, 0.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 5.5 g L^-1 agar; C, 1.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 5.5 g L^-1 agar; D, 1.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 5.5 g L^-1 agar; E, 0.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 8.0 g L^-1 agar; and F, 0.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 8.0 g L^-1 agar. The bars represent 100 μm. Ed, adaxial epidermis; Eb, abaxial epidermis; Pp, palisade parenchyma; Pl, spongy parenchyma; e, stomata; and c, calcium crystal.

Figure 2. Transverse section of Celosia cristata leaf stained with toluidine blue: A, 1.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 8.0 g L^-1 agar; B, 1.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 8.0 g L^-1 agar; C, 0.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 10.5 g L^-1 agar; D, 0.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 10.5 g L^-1 agar; E, 1.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 10.5 g L^-1 agar; and F, 1.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 10.5 g L^-1 agar. The bars represent 100 μm. Ed, adaxial epidermis; Eb, abaxial epidermis; Pp, palisade parenchyma; Pl, spongy parenchyma; e, stomata; and c, calcium crystal.

Figure 3. Scanning electronic micrographs of the epidermis appearance in Celosia cristata leaves subjected to different concentrations of silicon and agar in vitro: A, 0.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 5.5 g L^-1 agar; B, 0.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 5.5 g L^-1 agar; C, 1.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 5.5 g L^-1 agar; D, 1.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 5.5 g L^-1 agar; E, 0.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 8.0 g L^-1 agar; and F, 0.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 8.0 g L^-1 agar. The bars represent 20 μm. Arrows indicate the presence of stomata and glandular trichomes.

Figure 4. Scanning electronic micrographs of the epidermis appearance in Celosia cristata leaves subjected to different concentrations of silicon and agar in vitro: A, 1.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 8.0 g L^-1 agar; B, 1.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 8.0 g L^-1 agar; C, 0.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 10.5 g L^-1 agar; D, 0.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 10.5 g L^-1 agar; E, 1.0 g L^-1 silicic acid + 10.5 g L^-1 agar; and F, 1.5 g L^-1 silicic acid + 10.5 g L^-1 agar. The bars represent 20 μm. Arrows indicate the presence of stomata and glandular trichomes.

Table 1. Phytotechnical traits of Celosia cristata subjected to different agar concentrations in vitro⁽¹⁾.

Agar concentration (g L^-1)	Number of leaves	Number of shoots	Stem diameter (mm)	Shoot length (cm)
5.5	4.83b	0.70b	1.36a	2.86b
8.0	6.42a	1.05a	1.35a	3.63a
10.5	5.28b	0.64b	0.94b	2.78b
CV (%)	42.03	85.24	34.66	43.54
p-value	0.03	0.05	0.00	0.04

⁽¹⁾Means followed by equal letters do not differ significantly by the Scott-Knott test, at 5% probability.

Table 2. Anatomical traits of Celosia cristata subjected to different concentrations of silicon and agar in vitro.

Silicon concentration (g L^-1)	Agar concentration
Silicon concentration (g L^-1)	5.5 g L^-1	8.0 g L^-1	10.5 g L^-1
	Leaf blade width (μm)
0	978.57aA	861.46aA	695.34bA
0.5	827.77aA	1050.53aA	821.42bA
1.0	1162.58aA	1141.74aA	804.57bB
1.5	1079.16aB	920.70aB	1417.17aA
CV (%)	15.80
p-value	<0.01
	Palisade parenchyma length (μm)
0	207.12aA	190.58bA	151.95bA
0.5	156.78aA	198.81bA	164.35bA
1.0	261.37aA	267.22aA	154.20bB
1.5	202.49aA	200.37bA	262.92aA
CV (%)	19.31
p-value	<0.01
	Spongy parenchyma length (μm)
0	578.77aA	520.02aA	397.21bA
0.5	509.72aA	685.10aA	495.71bA
1.0	731.41aA	692.26aA	503.72bA
1.5	708.75aB	539.27aB	960.13aA
CV (%)	21.40
p-value	<0.01

⁽¹⁾Means followed by equal letters, lower case in the columns and upper case in the lines, do not differ significantly by the Scott-Knott test, at 5% probability.

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Silicon and agar on in vitro development of cockscomb (Amaranthaceae)

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[TFN1] ⁽¹⁾Means followed by equal letters do not differ significantly by the Scott-Knott test, at 5% probability.