Growth, biomass, and energy quality of <i>Acacia mangium</i> timber grown at different spacings

The objective of this work was to assess the effect of spacing on the growth, biomass allocation, and wood quality for energy purposes of Acacia magium. A randomized complete block design was carried out with three replicates and five treatments consisting of trees planted at different spacings: 2.0x2.0, 2.5x2.5, 3.0x2.0, 3.0x2.5, and 3.0x3.0 m. At 67 months after planting, the following species parameters were evaluated: performance (mortality, diameter growth, height, bark factor, and bark and biomass volume yield) and wood energy quality (basic density, higher-calorific value, ash, fixed carbon, and volatile materials) through the analysis of variance. Plant spacing did not affect volume and biomass production per hectare nor wood quality for energy purposes. The widest spacing (3.0x3.0 m) provides better individual growth, and the narrowest one (2.0x2.0 m) produces smaller trees, but with the highest percentage of dry biomass in the trunk, and can show the best energy potential at a rotation age from 40 to 50 months.

Index terms:
Amazon; biomass accumulation; energy productivity; forest plantation; Roraima

Authorship

Helio Tonini

Embrapa Pecuária Sul, BR-153, Km 632,9, Vila Industrial, Zona Rural, Caixa Postal 242, CEP 96401-970 Bagé, RS, Brazil. E-mail: helio.tonini@embrapa.brEmbrapa Pecuária SulBrazilBagé, RS, BrazilEmbrapa Pecuária Sul, BR-153, Km 632,9, Vila Industrial, Zona Rural, Caixa Postal 242, CEP 96401-970 Bagé, RS, Brazil. E-mail: helio.tonini@embrapa.br

Dalton Roberto Schwengber

Embrapa Roraima, Rodovia BR-174, Km 8, Distrito Industrial, Caixa Postal 133, CEP 69301-970 Boa Vista, RR, Brazil. E-mail: dalton.schwengber@embrapa.br, jane.franco@embrapa.brEmbrapa RoraimaBrazilBoa Vista, RR, BrazilEmbrapa Roraima, Rodovia BR-174, Km 8, Distrito Industrial, Caixa Postal 133, CEP 69301-970 Boa Vista, RR, Brazil. E-mail: dalton.schwengber@embrapa.br, jane.franco@embrapa.br

Marina Moura Morales

Embrapa Florestas, Estrada da Ribeira, Km 111, Guaraituba, Caixa Postal 319, CEP 83411-000 Colombo, PR, Brazil. E-mail: marina.morales@embrapa.brEmbrapa FlorestasBrazilColombo, PR, BrazilEmbrapa Florestas, Estrada da Ribeira, Km 111, Guaraituba, Caixa Postal 319, CEP 83411-000 Colombo, PR, Brazil. E-mail: marina.morales@embrapa.br

Ciro Augusto de Souza Magalhães

Embrapa Agrossilvipastoril, Rodovia dos Pioneiros, MT-222, Km 2,5, Zona Rural, Caixa Postal 343, CEP 78550-970 Sinop, MT, Brazil. E-mail: ciro.magalhaes@embrapa.brEmbrapa AgrossilvipastorilBrazilSinop, MT, BrazilEmbrapa Agrossilvipastoril, Rodovia dos Pioneiros, MT-222, Km 2,5, Zona Rural, Caixa Postal 343, CEP 78550-970 Sinop, MT, Brazil. E-mail: ciro.magalhaes@embrapa.br

Jane Maria Franco de Oliveira

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (5)
Tables (5)
Formulas (2)

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Figure 1.
Location and experiment sketch with blocks, randomized treatments, border trees (unfilled circles), trees showing the diameter at breast height (DBH) and height measurements (dark circles), and trees showing DAP measurements only (clear circles). T1, 2.0x2.0 m; T2, 2.5x2.5 m; T3, 3.0x2.0 m; T4, 3.0x2.5 m; and T5, 3.0x3.0 m spacing.

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Figure 2.
Accumulated mortality in different Acacia mangium spacings, in the municipality of Cantá, in the state of Roraima, Brazil.

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Figure 3.
Diameter at breast height (A) and height (B), in Acacia mangium trees at different spacings in the municipality of Cantá, in the state of Roraima, Brazil.

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Figure 4.
Biomass distribution in the trees (A) and in the crown (B), according to planting spacing, in the municipality of Cantá, in the state of Roraima, Brazil.

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Figure 5.
Energy performance of Acacia mangium wood at different spacings, in the municipality of Cantá, in the state of Roraima, Brazil.

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Table 1.
Chemical soil analysis in the experimental area.

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Table 2.
Treatments, vital space, initial density, and accumulated mortality in Acacia mangium trees at 67 months after planting.

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Table 3.
Means of the dendrometric variables of Acacia mangium trees, at different spacing, at 67 months after planting in the municipality of Cantá, in the state of Roraima, Brazil.

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Table 4.
Mean of biomass components in Acacia mangium trees, according to spacing, at the age of 67 months, after planting, in the municipality of Cantá, in the state of Roraima, Brazil.

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Table 5.
Energy characteristics of Acacia mangium wood at different spacing, in the municipality of Cantá, in the state of Roraima, Brazil.

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Figure 1. Location and experiment sketch with blocks, randomized treatments, border trees (unfilled circles), trees showing the diameter at breast height (DBH) and height measurements (dark circles), and trees showing DAP measurements only (clear circles). T1, 2.0x2.0 m; T2, 2.5x2.5 m; T3, 3.0x2.0 m; T4, 3.0x2.5 m; and T5, 3.0x3.0 m spacing.

Figure 2. Accumulated mortality in different Acacia mangium spacings, in the municipality of Cantá, in the state of Roraima, Brazil.

Figure 3. Diameter at breast height (A) and height (B), in Acacia mangium trees at different spacings in the municipality of Cantá, in the state of Roraima, Brazil.

Figure 4. Biomass distribution in the trees (A) and in the crown (B), according to planting spacing, in the municipality of Cantá, in the state of Roraima, Brazil.

Figure 5. Energy performance of Acacia mangium wood at different spacings, in the municipality of Cantá, in the state of Roraima, Brazil.

Table 1. Chemical soil analysis in the experimental area.

Attribute	Soil layer
Attribute	0-20 cm	60-80 cm
pH H₂O	5.5	4.7
P (mg dm^-3)	2.1	1.0
K (mg dm^-3)	11.0	8.0
Ca (cmol_c dm^-3)	0.32	0.17
Mg (cmol_c dm^-3)	0.10	0.05
Al (cmol_c dm^-3)	0.17	0.19
H+Al (cmol_c dm^-3)	1.41	1.37
Base saturation (%)	24.0	15.0
Al saturation (m, %)	28.0	45.0

Table 2. Treatments, vital space, initial density, and accumulated mortality in Acacia mangium trees at 67 months after planting.

Treatment	Spacing (m)	Vital space (m²)	Initial density (tree ha^-1)	Mortality (%)
1	2.0 x 2.0	4.0	2,500	20.7
2	2.5 x 2.5	6.25	1,600	14.5
3	3.0 x 2.0	6.0	1,667	11.5
4	3.0 x 2.5	7.5	1,333	12.6
5	3.0 x 3.0	9.0	1,111	16.8

Table 3. Means of the dendrometric variables of Acacia mangium trees, at different spacing, at 67 months after planting in the municipality of Cantá, in the state of Roraima, Brazil.

Treatment	Spacing (m)	DBH (cm)	MAI_d (cm)	Total height (m)	MAI_h (m)	V (m³ ha^-1)	MAI_V (m³)	K
1	2.0 x 2.0	9.6c	1.71	11.5	2.05	144.5	25.88	0.91
2	2.5 x 2.5	11.6b	2.07	11.8	2.11	136.7	24.48	0.91
3	3.0 x 2.0	11.4b	2.04	12.0	2.14	153.5	27.49	0.90
4	3.0 x 2.5	11.9ab	2.13	11.9	2.13	134.1	24.01	0.91
5	3.0 x 3.0	13.3a	2.38	11.5	2.06	129.3	23.15	0.90

DBH, diameter at breast height; MAI_d , mean annual diameter increase; MAI_h, mean annual height increase; V, total volume per hectare; MAI_v, mean annual volume increase; K, bark factor. Means followed by equal letters do not differ from each other, by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability.

Table 4. Mean of biomass components in Acacia mangium trees, according to spacing, at the age of 67 months, after planting, in the municipality of Cantá, in the state of Roraima, Brazil.

Treatment	Spacing (m)	B_total (Mg ha^-1)	B_ind	B_T	B_C	L	LTB	DTB	LThB	DThB	DF	UF
Treatment	Spacing (m)	B_total (Mg ha^-1)	-------------------------------------------------(kg per tree)-------------------------------------------------
1	2.0 x 2.0	60.4	29.9b	21.3b	8.6b	1.2	2.6	3.2b	2.5	1.5	0.02	0.04
2	2.5 x 2.5	52.8	39.7ab	27.2ab	12.5ab	1.2	3.3	4.4ab	6.2	3.3	0.00	0.02
3	3.0 x 2.0	51.1	38.0b	26.4ab	11.6ab	1.4	2.7	4.5ab	3.7	2.2	0.00	0.01
4	3.0 x 2.5	45.6	41.1ab	24.2ab	16.8ab	1.5	3.9	5.6a	7.1	4.1	0.07	0.04
5	3.0 x 3.0	54.4	58.4a	39.4a	18.9a	2.3	4.7	5.4a	10.4	5.8	0.10	0.14

B_total, total biomass per hectare; B_indv, total individual biomass; B_T, individual biomass of the trunk; B_c, individual biomass of the crown; L, individual biomass of the leaves; LTB, individual biomass of living thin branches; DTB, individual biomass of dead thin branches; LThB, individual biomass of live thick branches; DThB, individual biomass of dead thick branches; DF, individual biomass of dry fruit; UF, individual biomass of unripe fruit. Means followed by equal letters did not differ, by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability.

Table 5. Energy characteristics of Acacia mangium wood at different spacing, in the municipality of Cantá, in the state of Roraima, Brazil.

Treatment	D_b (g cm^-3)	VM (%)	Ashes (%)	FC (%)	HCV (kcal kg^-1)
1	0.59	82.02	0.38	17.58	4419.73
2	0.56	82.54	0.50	16.95	4934.90
3	0.57	82.29	0.4	17.25	4419.79
4	0.61	82.18	0.45	17.36	4445.90
5	0.56	80.86	0.63	18.50	4502.98

D_b, basic density; VM, volatile materials; FC, fixed carbon; HCV, higher calorific value.

Trunk biomass (kg) = \sum V_{i} \times d_{i}

k = \sum D s c / \sum D c c

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Embrapa Secretaria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento; Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira Caixa Postal 040315, 70770-901 Brasília DF Brazil, Tel. +55 61 3448-1813, Fax +55 61 3340-5483 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
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Growth, biomass, and energy quality of <i>Acacia mangium</i> timber grown at different spacings

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[TFN1] DBH, diameter at breast height; MAI_d , mean annual diameter increase; MAI_h, mean annual height increase; V, total volume per hectare; MAI_v, mean annual volume increase; K, bark factor. Means followed by equal letters do not differ from each other, by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability.