Behavior of Japanese quail in different air velocities and air temperatures

The objective of this work was to evaluate the combined effects of air temperature and air velocity on the behavior of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). A total of 216 Japanese quail in their initial laying phase were used. Bird behavior was categorized with an ethogram (eat, drink, stop, open wings/shiver, others). The experimental design was a randomized complete block, in a 4x4 factorial arrangement, with four air velocities (0, 1, 2, and 3 m s^-1) and air temperatures (17, 23, 29, and 35°C). The behavior “stop” was greater when the birds were subjected to 17°C. At 35°C, a significant reduction (p<0.05) was observed in the behavior “eat” at 0 m s^-1, compared with the other velocities. The behaviors of laying quail are similar in the morning and in the afternoon. Quail remain stopped for a longer time under cold stress conditions, at 17°C.

Index terms:
Coturnix coturnix japonica; cold stress; ethology; heat stress; thermal sensation

Authorship

Tatiany Carvalho dos Santos

Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/no, CEP 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil. E-mail: taty17_carvalho@hotmail.com, iftinoco@hotmail.com, zolnier@ufv.br, baetafc@gmail.comUniversidade Federal de ViçosaBrazilViçosa, MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Avenida Peter Henry Rolfs, s/no, CEP 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil. E-mail: taty17_carvalho@hotmail.com, iftinoco@hotmail.com, zolnier@ufv.br, baetafc@gmail.com

Richard Stephen Gates

University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Urbana-Champaign, 1304, West Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana IL 61801 USA. E-mail: rsgates@illinois.eduUniversity of IllinoisUSAUrbana, IL, USAUniversity of Illinois, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Urbana-Champaign, 1304, West Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana IL 61801 USA. E-mail: rsgates@illinois.edu

Ilda de Fátima Ferreira Tinôco

Sérgio Zolnier

Fernando da Costa Baêta

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (4)
Tables (2)

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Figure 1
Mean values and standard deviation of the number of laying quail that expressed their behavior when subjected to four different temperature ranges and four different air velocities (A, B, C, and D) in the morning (9 a.m.-11 a.m.). The poultries were kept in cages, inside climatic chambers, with photophase of 15 hours. Equal letters in the columns indicate that there was no significant difference by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability.

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Figure 2
Mean values and standard deviation of the number of laying quail that expressed their behavior when subjected to four different temperature ranges and four air velocities (A, B, C, and D) in the afternoon (3 p.m.-5 p.m.). The birds were kept in cages, inside climatic chambers, with photophase of 15 hours. Equal letters in the columns indicate that there was no significant difference by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability.

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Figure 3
Mean values and standard deviation of the number of laying quail that expressed their behaviors, when submitted to four different air velocities, for four different temperature ranges (A, B, C, and D), in the morning (9 a.m.-11 a.m.). The birds were kept in cages, inside climatic chambers, with photophase of 15 hours. Equal letters in the columns indicate that there was no significant difference by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability.

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Figure 4
Mean values and standard deviation of the number of laying quail that expressed their behaviors, when submitted to four different air velocities, for four different temperature ranges (A, B, C, and D), in the afternoon (3 p.m.-5 p.m.). The birds were kept in cages, inside climatic chambers, with photophase of 15 hours. Equal letters in the columns indicate that there was no significant difference by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability.

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Table 1
Categories and behavioral ethogram⁽¹⁾ used for laying quail.

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Table 2
Mean and standard deviation of air temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), and black globe humidity index (BGHI) in each treatment, for laying quail, kept in cages inside climatic chambers, with 15 hours of photophase.

Figure 1 Mean values and standard deviation of the number of laying quail that expressed their behavior when subjected to four different temperature ranges and four different air velocities (A, B, C, and D) in the morning (9 a.m.-11 a.m.). The poultries were kept in cages, inside climatic chambers, with photophase of 15 hours. Equal letters in the columns indicate that there was no significant difference by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability.

Figure 2 Mean values and standard deviation of the number of laying quail that expressed their behavior when subjected to four different temperature ranges and four air velocities (A, B, C, and D) in the afternoon (3 p.m.-5 p.m.). The birds were kept in cages, inside climatic chambers, with photophase of 15 hours. Equal letters in the columns indicate that there was no significant difference by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability.

Figure 3 Mean values and standard deviation of the number of laying quail that expressed their behaviors, when submitted to four different air velocities, for four different temperature ranges (A, B, C, and D), in the morning (9 a.m.-11 a.m.). The birds were kept in cages, inside climatic chambers, with photophase of 15 hours. Equal letters in the columns indicate that there was no significant difference by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability.

Figure 4 Mean values and standard deviation of the number of laying quail that expressed their behaviors, when submitted to four different air velocities, for four different temperature ranges (A, B, C, and D), in the afternoon (3 p.m.-5 p.m.). The birds were kept in cages, inside climatic chambers, with photophase of 15 hours. Equal letters in the columns indicate that there was no significant difference by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability.

Table 1 Categories and behavioral ethogram⁽¹⁾ used for laying quail.

Categories	Behavior	Description
No. 1	Eat	Head directed into the feeder, eating
No. 2	Drink	Drinking at drinker/pecking at drinker
No. 3	Stop, rest, shrink, group, egg laying	No movement, bird standing still, shrunk, grouped or crowded birds, performing egg laying
No. 4	Open wings, deviate, bristle	Open and stretched wings, poultries away from each other, bristle
No. 5	Others (investigate feathers, jumping, be aggressive, shaking)	Birds investigating their own feathers or other birds’ feathers with the beak, aggressiveness, dominance, agitation

⁽¹⁾Catalan et al. (2013)CATALAN, A.A.S.; AVILA, V.S.; LOPES, L.L.; MONTAGNER, P.; VARGAS, G.D.; XAVIER, E.G.; ROLL, V.F.B. Perfil metabólico, hematológico e comportamental de poedeiras suplementadas com Panax ginseng. Archivos de Zootecnia, v.62, p.89-100, 2013. DOI: 10.4321/S0004-05922013000100010.
https://doi.org/10.4321/S0004-0592201300... .

Table 2 Mean and standard deviation of air temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), and black globe humidity index (BGHI) in each treatment, for laying quail, kept in cages inside climatic chambers, with 15 hours of photophase.

Treatments	Thermal environment
Treatments	Period (h)	AT (°C)	RH (%)	BGHI
17°C, moderate cold	7 a.m.-7 p.m. 7 p.m.-7 a.m.	17.8±1.3 23.3±0.7	72.6±7.2 71.8±4.6	64.8±1.7 72.2±0.9
23°C, thermal comfort	7 a.m.-7 p.m. 7 p.m.-7 a.m.	23.4±0.4 23.7±0.5	70.7±4.1 72.2±3.8	72.1±0.7 72.8±0.8
29°C, moderate heat	7 a.m.-7 p.m. 7 p.m.-7 a.m.	29.1±1.3 23.7±0.8	70.7±4.7 70.2±9.4	79.3±1.6 72.3±1.2
35°C, severe heat	7 a.m.-7 p.m. 7 p.m.-7 a.m.	35.1±2.0 23.7±1.1	69.4±5.0 69.4±5.0	86.0±2,4 72.2±1.4

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Behavior of Japanese quail in different air velocities and air temperatures

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[TFN1] ⁽¹⁾Catalan et al. (2013)CATALAN, A.A.S.; AVILA, V.S.; LOPES, L.L.; MONTAGNER, P.; VARGAS, G.D.; XAVIER, E.G.; ROLL, V.F.B. Perfil metabólico, hematológico e comportamental de poedeiras suplementadas com Panax ginseng. Archivos de Zootecnia, v.62, p.89-100, 2013. DOI: 10.4321/S0004-05922013000100010.
https://doi.org/10.4321/S0004-0592201300... .