Componentes de produção e caracteres reprodutivos, fisiológicos e de raiz usados na seleção precoce para eficiência do uso de nitrogênio em milho

Morais, Pedro Patric Pinho; Sousa, Massaine Bandeira e; Galli, Giovanni; Andrade, Luciano Rogério Braatz e; Fritsche-Neto, Roberto; Oliveira, Aluízio Borém de

doi:10.1590/S0100-204X2018000500011

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Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira

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Sumário

GENETICS • Pesq. agropec. bras. 53 (05) • Maio 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2018000500011 copiar

Componentes de produção e caracteres reprodutivos, fisiológicos e de raiz usados na seleção precoce para eficiência do uso de nitrogênio em milho

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo:

O objetivo deste trabalho foi examinar a possibilidade de usar componentes de produção e caracteres reprodutivos, fisiológicos e de raiz na seleção precoce para eficiência de uso de nitrogênio (EUN) em milho. Foram avaliadas 64 linhagens em dois regimes de adubação nitrogenada: ideal e baixo. As avaliações foram feitas em três estádios fenológicos: oito folhas completamente expandidas, florescimento masculino e maturação fisiológica. É possível selecionar linhagens superiores quanto à EUN, mas os componentes de produção não tiveram comportamento diferencial sob os diferentes níveis de nitrogênio avaliados. Os caracteres radiculares, reprodutivos e fisiológicos não se mostraram confiáveis para seleção precoce de linhagens de milho com elevada EUN. De forma semelhante, os estádios de oito folhas e de florescimento masculino não se mostraram promissores para esse propósito, uma vez que, para a estimação da EUN, deve-se levar em consideração a produção de grãos. Entretanto, a seleção indireta para EUN pode ser feita via número de espigas ou com o uso de índice de seleção que considere número e peso de espigas.

Termos para indexação:
Zea mays; estresse abiótico; GBlup; seleção indireta; análise de trilha; índice de seleção

Embrapa Secretaria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento; Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira Caixa Postal 040315, 70770-901 Brasília DF Brazil, Tel. +55 61 3448-1813, Fax +55 61 3340-5483 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
E-mail: pab@embrapa.br

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[TFN1] ⁽¹⁾
NUEY, nitrogen use efficiency based on yield; NE, number of ears; EL, ear length; ED, ear diameter; EW, ear weight; NRE, number of rows per ear; NKR, number of kernels per row; TY, total yield; and ASI, anthesis-silking interval. DF, degrees of freedom. ***, **, and *Significant at 0.1, 1.0, and 5.0% probability, respectively. ^nsNonsignificant.

Source of variation	Trait⁽¹⁾
Source of variation	DF	NUEY	NE	EL	ED	EW	NRE	NKR	TY	ASI
Intercept	1	1485.39***	3332.5***	28010.3***	41173.0***	6119.2***	3588.2***	17870.9***	2427.75***	655.64***
Rep	1	12.30***	1.50^ns	7.30**	7.00*	38.30***	0.10^ns	1.90^ns	21.69***	5.82*
Bl/Rep	14	9.46^ns	21.00^ns	14.50^ns	10.00^ns	19.40^ns	9.00^ns	21.70^ns	16.76^ns	23.73*
N	1	539.17***	1.10^ns	1.40^ns	1.00^ns	0.20^ns	8.00**	3.40^ns	0.50^ns	0.11^ns
Env	2	420.17***	52.60***	68.40***	206.00***	165.00***	15.00***	121.90***	908.57***	1.62^ns
N x Env	2	132.08***	8.50*	23.10***	43.00***	11.50***	7.00*	9.00*	2.26^ns	0.64^ns
Mean estimates	LN	0.11	17.69	11.58	3.81	60.46	13.20	20.91	2060.13	1.80
Mean estimates	IN	0.04	18.01	11.68	3.83	60.73	13.42	21.22	2037.47	1.83
CV (%)	LN	56.92	37.62	14.69	11.63	28.87	12.31	17.96	68.07	92.86
CV (%)	IN	60.59	38.05	15.31	13.00	30.95	11.94	18.57	67.39	89.55

Source of variation	Trait⁽¹⁾
Source of variation	DF	LatRL	AxiRL	LatRV	AxiRV	PEPSII	NUEV8	NUEVT
Intercept	1	3501.30***	4240.40***	2859.04***	3165.60***	37178.00***	5077.90***	5852.10***
Rep	1	4.50*	5.20*	4.24*	0.20^ns	7.00**	7.80**	1.50^ns
Bl/Rep	14	17.20^ns	12.40^ns	10.65^ns	12.70^ns	26.00*	14.00^ns	23.30^ns
N	1	5.00*	6.10*	2.83^ns	4.80*	129.00***	1282.10***	1678.50***
Env	1	63.10***	37.80***	61.41***	77.40***	5.00*	305.20***	26.30***
N x Env	1	1.10^ns	3.80*	1.19^ns	2.00^ns	1.00^ns	126.10***	18.00***
Mean estimates	LN	878.28	645.08	0.43	42.43	0.66	0.01	0.07
Mean estimates	IN	821.15	606.69	0.41	39.70	0.74	0.03	0.22
Coefficient of variation (%)	LN	41.37	32.55	43.46	40.33	12.50	35.06	30.74
Coefficient of variation (%)	IN	43.28	34.36	42.21	41.91	9.81	37.41	22.59

Source of variation		Trait⁽¹⁾
Source of variation		NUEY	NE	EL	ED	EW	NRE	NKR	TY
Gen		16.20***	60.81***	93.57***	74.2***	70.05***	93.92^***	92.93***	38.5***
Gen x N		13.38***	0.00^ns	0.00^ns	0.00^ns	0.65^ns	0.00^ns	0.00^ns	0.00^ns
Gen x Env		18.36***	43.65***	6.01**	44.7***	102.34***	20.27***	24.75***	95.6***
Gen x N x Env		21.41***	0.64^ns	5.41*	0.00^ns	0.00^ns	1.83^ns	0.02^ns	0.00^ns
Residue		4.3x10^-4	16.42	1.08	6.2x10^-2	70.36	0.85	5.07	219929.70
h²	LN	0.70	0.66	0.73	0.68	0.79	0.78	0.76	0.68
h²	IN	0.67	0.71	0.69	0.73	0.69	0.81	0.69	0.65
r_INxLN	-	0.87	0.82	0.86	0.89	0.90	0.89	0.87	0.87
		ASI	LatRL	AxiRL	LatRV	AxiRV	PEPSII	NUEV8	NUEVT
Gen		45.27***	51.92***	23.79***	45.19***	20.34***	0.00^ns	4.89*	5.07*
Gen x N		8.87***	0.00^ns	0.00^ns	0.00^ns	0.00^ns	0.10^ns	0.00^ns	3.93*
Gen x Env		0.05^ns	0.06^ns	2.89*	0.61^ns	0.70^ns	0.21^ns	0.90^ns	0.00^ns
Gen x N x Env		0.00^ns	0.00^ns	0.00^ns	0.10^ns	0.12^ns	0.01^ns	0.00^ns	0.25^ns
Residue		1.51	75971.67	28747.95	0.02	184.08	5.6x10^-3	5.2x10^-5	1.0x10^-3
h²	LN	0.62	0.45	0.36	0.47	0.46	0.11	0.31	0.08
h²	IN	0.69	0.51	0.28	0.49	0.14	0.00	0.12	0.37
r_INxLN	-	0.62	0.81	0.71	0.78	0.71	0.15	0.59	0.36

Effect⁽¹⁾		Low N			Ideal N
Effect⁽¹⁾		NUEY	NUEV8	NUEVT	NUEY	NUEV8	NUEVT
	Number of ears (NE)
Direct		0.77	0.07	0.10	0.77	0.11	-0.34
Indirect
	EL	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.00	0.00	-0.03
	ED	0.00	-0.01	0.00	0.02	0.05	0.06
	EW	-0.08	0.02	0.02	-0.05	0.00	0.02
	NRE	0.00	0.00	0.02	0.00	-0.01	0.01
	NKR	-0.02	0.02	-0.01	-0.02	-0.02	0.30
	TY	-	0.03	-0.06	-	0.04	0.16
Total		0.68	0.14	0.10	0.72	0.17	0.18
	Ear length (EL)
Direct		0.07	0.05	0.21	-0.02	-0.03	-0.14
Indirect
	NE	0.13	0.01	0.01	0.17	0.02	-0.07
	ED	0.02	0.18	0.11	0.07	0.20	0.22
	EW	0.33	-0.07	-0.06	0.24	0.01	-0.09
	NRE	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.01
	NKR	-0.03	0.03	-0.01	-0.02	-0.02	0.31
	TY	-	0.02	-0.05	-	0.02	0.11
Total		0.52	0.22	0.22	0.44	0.20	0.35
	Ear diameter (ED)
Direct		0.07	0.53	0.32	0.13	0.38	0.41
Indirect
	NE	-0.02	0.00	0.00	0.12	0.02	-0.05
	EL	0.02	0.01	0.07	-0.01	-0.02	-0.07
	EW	0.46	-0.10	-0.09	0.32	0.01	-0.11
	NRE	0.00	-0.01	-0.07	0.01	0.05	-0.04
	NKR	-0.01	0.01	-0.01	-0.01	-0.01	0.20
	TY	-	0.02	-0.05	-	0.03	0.13
Total		0.52	0.46	0.17	0.56	0.46	0.47
	Ear weight (EW)
Direct		0.62	-0.14	-0.13	0.54	0.02	-0.19
Indirect		-	-	-	-	-	-
	NE	-0.10	-0.01	-0.01	-0.08	-0.01	0.03
	EL	0.03	0.02	0.11	-0.01	-0.01	-0.06
	ED	0.05	0.39	0.24	0.08	0.23	0.25
	NRE	0.00	0.00	-0.04	0.01	0.04	-0.03
	NKR	-0.02	0.02	-0.01	-0.02	-0.02	0.21
	TY	-	0.02	-0.05	-	0.03	0.12
Total		0.58	0.30	0.11	0.52	0.28	0.33
	Number of rows per ear (NRE)
Direct		0.00	-0.03	-0.20	0.03	0.17	-0.14
Indirect
	NE	-0.08	0.00	-0.01	-0.06	-0.01	0.02
	EL	0.00	0.00	-0.01	0.00	0.00	0.00
	ED	0.03	0.20	0.12	0.04	0.11	0.12
	EW	0.11	-0.03	-0.02	0.14	0.01	-0.05
	NKR	0.00	0.00	0.00	-0.01	-0.01	0.09
	TY	-	0.00	0.00	-	0.01	0.03
Total		0.04	0.14	-0.12	0.14	0.28	0.07
	Number of kernels per row (NKR)
Direct		-0.04	0.05	-0.03	-0.04	-0.04	0.52
Indirect		-	-	-	-	-	-
	NE	0.34	0.03	0.04	0.44	0.06	-0.19
	EL	0.04	0.03	0.13	-0.01	-0.02	-0.08
	ED	0.02	0.13	0.08	0.05	0.15	0.16
	EW	0.25	-0.05	-0.05	0.21	0.01	-0.08
	NRE	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.03	-0.02
	TY	-	0.02	-0.05	-	0.04	0.15
Total		0.61	0.21	0.12	0.66	0.23	0.46
	Total yield (TY)
Direct		-	0.04	-0.08	-	0.06	0.22
Indirect		-	-	-	-	-	-
	NE	-	0.05	0.07	-	0.08	-0.24
	EL	-	0.03	0.11	-	-0.02	-0.06
	ED	-	0.27	0.17	-	0.22	0.23
	EW	-	-0.08	-0.08	-	0.01	-0.10
	NRE	-	0.00	0.00	-	0.02	-0.02
	NKR	-	0.03	-0.02	-	-0.02	0.36
Total		-	0.33	0.17	-	0.35	0.39
R²		0.93	0.24	0.11	0.87	0.25	0.33
P_ɛ		0.25	0.87	0.95	0.36	0.86	0.81

Effect⁽¹⁾		Low N			Ideal N
Effect⁽¹⁾		NUEY	NUEV8	NUEVT	NUEY	NUEV8	NUEVT
	Lateral root length (LatRL)
Direct		-0.33	0.18	0.52	-0.56	0.30	0.52
Indirect
	AxiRL	-0.19	0.00	0.10	-0.28	-0.23	0.06
	LatRV	0.39	-0.21	-0.52	0.82	-0.10	-0.59
	AxiRV	0.14	0.34	0.09	0.10	0.36	0.18
	PEPSII	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00
	ASI	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Total		0.01	0.31	0.19	0.09	0.33	0.17
Axial root length (AxiRL)
Direct		0.26	0.00	0.14	-0.40	-0.31	0.09
Indirect
	LatRL	-0.24	0.14	0.39	-0.40	0.21	0.37
	LatRV	0.37	-0.20	-0.48	0.76	-0.10	-0.55
	AxiRV	0.20	0.47	0.12	0.14	0.48	0.25
	PEPSII	-0.01	0.00	-0.01	0.02	0.00	0.00
	ASI	-0.01	0.00	-0.01	0.01	-0.02	0.00
Total		0.57	0.41	0.15	0.13	0.26	0.16
Lateral root volume (LatRV)
Direct		0.43	-0.23	-0.56	0.88	-0.12	-0.64
Indirect
	LatRL	-0.30	0.17	0.48	-0.52	0.28	0.48
	AxiRL	-0.22	0.00	0.12	-0.34	-0.27	0.07
	AxiRV	0.16	0.38	0.10	0.12	0.40	0.21
	PEPSII	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00
	ASI	-0.01	0.00	-0.01	0.00	-0.01	0.00
Total		0.06	0.32	0.13	0.15	0.28	0.12
Axial root volume (AxiRV)
Direct		0.28	0.68	0.18	0.20	0.68	0.35
Indirect
	LatRL	-0.16	0.09	0.27	-0.29	0.16	0.27
	AxiRL	-0.18	0.00	0.09	-0.28	-0.22	0.06
	LatRV	0.24	-0.13	-0.32	0.52	-0.07	-0.37
	PEPSII	-0.02	0.00	-0.02	0.03	0.00	0.00
	ASI	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Total		0.16	0.64	0.20	0.18	0.55	0.31
Photosynthetic efficiency of photosystem II (PEPSII)
Direct		0.11	-0.01	0.09	0.13	0.00	0.00
Indirect
	LatRL	0.01	0.00	-0.02	-0.06	0.03	0.06
	AxiRL	0.02	0.00	-0.01	-0.07	-0.05	0.01
	LatRV	-0.01	0.00	0.01	0.09	-0.01	-0.06
	AxiRV	-0.06	-0.14	-0.04	0.04	0.14	0.07
	ASI	-0.01	0.00	-0.01	0.00	0.00	0.00
Total		-0.06	-0.15	0.02	0.13	0.11	0.08
Anthesis-silking interval (ASI)
Direct		-0.07	0.00	-0.04	0.02	-0.12	0.00
Indirect
	LatRL	-0.03	0.02	0.05	-0.02	0.01	0.02
	AxiRL	-0.04	0.00	0.02	-0.07	-0.06	0.01
	LatRV	0.06	0.01	-0.08	0.10	-0.01	-0.07
	AxiRV	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00	-0.01	0.00
	PEPSII	0.02	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.00
Total		-0.06	-0.02	-0.04	0.03	-0.19	-0.04
R²		0.06	0.42	0.09	0.08	0.39	0.14
P_ɛ		0.96	0.76	0.95	0.95	0.78	0.93