Residue of propolis extract in bovine diets with increasing levels of protein on rumen fermentation

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the residue from the extraction of propolis, added to bovine diets with increasing levels of protein, on ruminal fermentation in vitro. For this, the in vitro gas production technique was used. Incubation was carried out with inocula from three fistulated cows, in three periods. In each period, a cow received a daily dose of 100 g propolis residue. Four diets were evaluated: corn silage (control); and 25, 50, and 75% concentrate based on soybean meal. The following were determined: kinetics of rumen fermentation; dry matter degradation; production of gases, volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate), methane, and ammonia nitrogen; and pH. The inclusion of 14.4, 15.1, and 9.5% propolis residue, respectively, to 25, 50, and 75% concentrate increased the production of gases from the degradation of fibrous carbohydrates, when compared with the control. The propolis residue reduces methane production and the acetate:propionate ratio at all tested concentrate inclusion levels.

Index terms:
additive; ammoniacal nitrogen; methane; nutrition

Authorship

Roberto Junior Teixeira Nascimento ^**Corresponding author: robertojrtn@gmail.com

Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sudeste de Minas Gerais, Campus Rio Pomba, Avenida Dr. José Sebastião da Paixão, s/no, Lindo Vale, CEP 36180-000 Rio Pomba, MG, Brazil. E-mail: robertojrtn@gmail.com, rafael.teixeira@ifsudestemg.edu.br, arnaldo.junior@ifsudestemg.edu.br, edilson.cappelle@ifsudestemg.edu.brInstituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sudeste de Minas GeraisBrazilRio Pomba, MG, Brazil Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sudeste de Minas Gerais, Campus Rio Pomba, Avenida Dr. José Sebastião da Paixão, s/no, Lindo Vale, CEP 36180-000 Rio Pomba, MG, Brazil. E-mail: robertojrtn@gmail.com, rafael.teixeira@ifsudestemg.edu.br, arnaldo.junior@ifsudestemg.edu.br, edilson.cappelle@ifsudestemg.edu.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5062-2690

Rafael Monteiro Araújo Teixeira

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8443-8020

Thierry Ribeiro Tomich

Embrapa Gado de Leite, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, no 610, Dom Bosco, CEP 36038-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. E-mail: thierry.tomich@embrapa.br, luiz.gustavo@embrapa.brEmbrapa Gado de LeiteBrazilJuiz de Fora, MG, Brazil Embrapa Gado de Leite, Rua Eugênio do Nascimento, no 610, Dom Bosco, CEP 36038-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil. E-mail: thierry.tomich@embrapa.br, luiz.gustavo@embrapa.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8788-5715

Luiz Gustavo Ribeiro Pereira

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7166-5817

Tânia Dayana do Carmo

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Veterinária, Campus Pampulha, Avenida Antônio Carlos, no 6.627, São Luiz, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. E-mail: taniad.carmo@gmail.comUniversidade Federal de Minas GeraisBrazilBelo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Veterinária, Campus Pampulha, Avenida Antônio Carlos, no 6.627, São Luiz, CEP 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. E-mail: taniad.carmo@gmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8025-4056

Arnaldo Prata Neiva Junior

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7677-8992

Edilson Rezende Cappelle

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5793-9949

*Corresponding author: robertojrtn@gmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (4)

Thumbnail

Table 1.
Bromatological composition of the bovine diets, containing different levels of concentrate (soybean meal and minerals) and corn silage (control), used for in vitro incubation.

Thumbnail

Table 2.
Parameters of the in vitro ruminal kinetics of bovine diets with increasing levels of concentrate based on soybean meal, with or without the use of a propolis extract residue additive⁽¹⁾.

Thumbnail

Table 3.
Concentrations and ratio of short-chain volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate), pH index, and concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen at 24 hours of incubation with or without the use of propolis extract residue additive in bovine diets with increasing levels of concentrate based on soybean meal⁽¹⁾.

Thumbnail

Table 4.
Production of methane (CH₄) as a percentage of gases - in vitro, as volume per unit of dry matter and, incubated, as volume per unit of digestible dry matter -, as well as energy contained in the emitted CH₄, CH₄ energy loss, and production of CH₄ as a function of the production of volatile fatty acids with or without the use of a propolis extract residue additive in bovine diets with increasing levels of a concentrate based on soybean meal⁽¹⁾.

Table 1. Bromatological composition of the bovine diets, containing different levels of concentrate (soybean meal and minerals) and corn silage (control), used for in vitro incubation.

Component⁽¹⁾	Concentrate⁽²⁾	Silage	Inclusion of concentrate (%)
Component⁽¹⁾	Concentrate⁽²⁾	Silage	Silage + 25%	Silage + 50%	Silage + 75%
Dry matter (DM, %)	91.5	34.1	48.5	62.8	77.2
Organic matter (%)	89.5	95.4	93.9	92.4	90.9
Crude protein (% DM)	42	9.1	17.3	25.5	33.8
ADF (% DM)	11.5	25.6	22.1	18.5	15
NDF (% DM)	19.8	40.6	35.4	30.2	25
Ethereal extract (% DM)	1.4	3.2	2.8	2.3	1.9
NFC (% DM)	29.9	43.4	40	36.6	33.3
Starch (% MS)	8.9	32.4	26.5	20.6	14.7
TDN (%)	75.9	68.9	70.7	72.4	74.2
DE (kcal g^-1)	3.35	3.04	3.11	3.19	3.27

⁽¹⁾DM, dry matter; ADF, acid detergent fiber; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; NFC, nonfibrous carbohydrates; TDN, total digestible nutrients; and DE, digestible energy. ⁽²⁾The concentrate was composed of 97% soybean meal and 3% minerals.

Table 2. Parameters of the in vitro ruminal kinetics of bovine diets with increasing levels of concentrate based on soybean meal, with or without the use of a propolis extract residue additive⁽¹⁾.

Parameter	Additive (A)	Inclusion of concentrate (IC)				MSE	P-value			IC effect
		0%	25%	50%	75%		A	FS	A x FS	Linear	Quadratic
Vf1 (mL)	Control	84.2	84.7	96.4	108.4	4.43	0.01	<0.001	0.33	<0.001	0.002
	Propolis residue	83	96.9	111	118.7
c1 (mL h^-1)	Control	0.035	0.032	0.029	0.029	0.0019	>0.50	0.01	>0.50	0.002	0.002
	Propolis residue	0.036	0.032	0.029	0.03
Vf2 (mL)	Control	149.5	152.8	152.7	154.6	6.63	>0.50	>0.50	>0.50	-	-
	Propolis residue	147.4	153.1	151.6	144.5
c2 (mL h^-1)	Control	0.122	0.11	0.111	0.102	0.006	>0.50	0.21	>0.50	-	-
	Propolis residue	0.116	0.115	0.111	0.109
V (t) (mL)	Control	233.7	237.5	249.1	263	10.61	>0.50	0.05	>0.50	0.001	0.007
	Propolis residue	230.4	250	262.6	263.2
Lag time (hours)	Control	2.57	2.1	1.66	1.3	0.28	0.12	0.02	>0.50	0.13	0.31
	Propolis residue	2.66	2.25	2.08	1.94
DMD (%)	Control	63.1	70	72.1	74.6	2.1	0.09	<0.001	0.42	0.02	0.06
	Propolis residue	59.1	65.3	68.2	76.3

⁽¹⁾Vf1, volume of the gases produced by the fermentation of fibrous carbohydrates; c1, rate of gas production by the fermentation of fibrous carbohydrates; Vf2, volume of the gases produced by the fermentation of nonfibrous carbohydrates; c2, rate of gas production by the fermentation of nonfibrous carbohydrates; V (t), total volume of the gases produced by the fermentation of the sample; Lag time, colonization time; DMD, dry matter degradation at 96 hours of incubation; A, addition or not of the propolis extract residue; MSE, mean standard error; and FS, inclusion levels of the concentrate based on soybean meal.

Table 3. Concentrations and ratio of short-chain volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate), pH index, and concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen at 24 hours of incubation with or without the use of propolis extract residue additive in bovine diets with increasing levels of concentrate based on soybean meal⁽¹⁾.

Volatile fatty acids	Additive (A)	Inclusion of concentrate (IC)				MSE	P-value			IC effect
		0%	25%	50%	75%		A	FS	A x FS	Linear	Quadratic
Total VFA (mmol L^-1)	Control	54.9	57.8	50.9	57.7	4.37	>0.50	>0.50	>0.50	-	-
	Propolis residue	55.2	63.2	53.2	62.8
Acetate (mmol L^-1)	Control	33.1	35.3	38.6	36.3	2.52	0.25	>0.50	>0.50	-	-
	Propolis residue	32.7	37.6	31.6	37.1
Propionate (mmol L^-1)	Control	11.8	12.1	11.2	12.4	0.90	0.19	>0.50	>0.50	-	-
	Propolis residue	14.2	14.6	12.6	14.5
Butyrate (mmol L^-1)	Control	10.0	10.4	9.0	9.0	1.33	>0.50	>0.50	>0.50	-	-
	Propolis residue	8.3	9.1	7.4	11.3
Acetate: propionate	Control	2.8	2.9	2.8	3.0	0.15	0.01	>0.50	>0.50	-	-
	Propolis residue	2.3	2.3	2.6	2.5
pH	Control	6.7	6.8	6.9	7.1	0.04	>0.50	<0.001	>0.50	0.09	0.21
	Propolis residue	6.8	6.9	6.9	7.0
N-NH₃ (mg dL^-1)	Control	8.4	11.6	13.2	17.2	0.42	0.31	0.002	>0.50	<0.001	<0.001
	Propolis residue	7.8	10.4	13.6	14.4

⁽¹⁾VFA, volatile fatty acids; N-NH₃, ammoniacal nitrogen; A, use or not of propolis extract residue; MSE, mean standard error; and FS, inclusion levels of the concentrate based on soybean meal.

Table 4. Production of methane (CH₄) as a percentage of gases - in vitro, as volume per unit of dry matter and, incubated, as volume per unit of digestible dry matter -, as well as energy contained in the emitted CH₄, CH₄ energy loss, and production of CH₄ as a function of the production of volatile fatty acids with or without the use of a propolis extract residue additive in bovine diets with increasing levels of a concentrate based on soybean meal⁽¹⁾.

Methane	Additive (A)	Inclusion of concentrate (IC)				MSE	P-value			IC effect
		0%	25%	50%	75%		A	FS	A x FS	Linear	Quadratic
CH₄ (%)	Control	9.2	10.0	10.5	11.1	0.37	0.009	0.007	>0.50	0.16	0.37
	Propolis residue	8.8	9.3	9.6	10.0
CH₄ (mL g^-1 DM)	Control	10.9	12.1	12.5	12.8	0.43	<0.001	0.040	0.385	>0.50	>0.50
	Propolis residue	10.2	10.7	11.3	10.5
CH₄ (mL g^-1 DMD)	Control	26.5	29.8	29.0	28.9	2.65	0.098	>0.50	>0.50	-	-
	Propolis residue	26.2	27.6	25.8	21.4
Loss of energy for CH₄ (% DE)	Control	7.4	8.0	8.0	8.1	0.31	0.001	0.376	>0.50	-	-
	Propolis residue	6.8	7.1	7.2	6.6
CH₄ per total VFA (mL mol^-1)	Control	196.6	201.3	186.3	220.8	18.04	0.15	>0.50	>0.50	-	-
	Propolis residue	182.9	187.5	136.6	266.0

⁽¹⁾DM, dry matter; DMD, dry matter degradation; DE, digestible energy; VFA, volatile fatty acids; A, use or not of propolis extract residue; MSE, mean standard error; and FS, inclusion levels of the concentrate based on soybean meal.

How to cite

copy

Embrapa Secretaria de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento; Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira Caixa Postal 040315, 70770-901 Brasília DF Brazil, Tel. +55 61 3448-1813, Fax +55 61 3340-5483 - Brasília - DF - Brazil
E-mail: pab@embrapa.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS

Versão para download de PDF

PDF

Inglês

Versões e tradução automática

Versão original do texto

English

Tradução automática

Google Translator
Microsoft Translator

Como citar

RIS

BIBTEX

Outros formatos de citação e exportação:

SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online
Rua Dr. Diogo de Faria, 1087 – 9º andar – Vila Clementino 04037-003 São Paulo/SP - Brasil
E-mail: scielo@scielo.org

Leia a Declaração de Acesso Aberto

Métricas

Residue of propolis extract in bovine diets with increasing levels of protein on rumen fermentation

PlumX

Mensagem

[1] *Corresponding author: robertojrtn@gmail.com