Growth, antioxidant system, and immunological status of shrimp in bioflocs and clear water culture systems

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the traditional culture system in clear water and of the one in microbial flocs on the antioxidant and immunological status of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp. Samples (gill, hemolymph, and hepatopancreas) were collected on days 15, 30, and 60 of the experimental period. The following immunological parameters were analyzed at each evaluation time: granular and hyaline hemocytes, total protein, and apoptosis. Assays on glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) activity and on the concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were also performed. The evaluated immunological parameters did not differ significantly between treatments. Shrimp reared in clear water showed higher levels of lipid peroxidation in the gills and of GCL activity in the hemolymph on days 15 and 30. Shrimp in microbial floc had a higher survival rate, and the water did not have to be renewed during the experimental period. The microbial floc system improves production levels and provides a healthier culture environment.

Index terms:
Litopenaeus vannamei; BFT; oxidative stress; TBARS

Authorship

Diego Moreira de Souza ^**Corresponding author: dmsfurg@yahoo.com.br

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Estação Marinha de Aquacultura, Rua do Hotel, no 2, Cassino, CEP 96210-030 Rio Grande, RS Brazil. E-mail: dmsfurg@yahoo.com.br, pliniofs@yahoo.com.br, luisalbertoromano0@gmail.com, manow@mikrus.com.brUniversidade Federal do Rio GrandeBrazilRio Grande, RS, Brazil Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Oceanografia, Estação Marinha de Aquacultura, Rua do Hotel, no 2, Cassino, CEP 96210-030 Rio Grande, RS Brazil. E-mail: dmsfurg@yahoo.com.br, pliniofs@yahoo.com.br, luisalbertoromano0@gmail.com, manow@mikrus.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4383-1432

Mateus Tavares Kutter

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Carreiros, Avenida Itália, Km 8, CEP 96203-000 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. E-mail: kutter.m.t@gmail.com, monserrat_jm@furg.brUniversidade Federal do Rio GrandeBrazilRio Grande, RS, Brazil Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Carreiros, Avenida Itália, Km 8, CEP 96203-000 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. E-mail: kutter.m.t@gmail.com, monserrat_jm@furg.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2764-7600

Plinio Schmidt Furtado

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0722-3840

Luis Alberto Romano

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3144-3579

Wilson Wasielesky Junior

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7267-4755

José María Monserrat

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9463-3049

Luciano Garcia

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Laboratório de Aquacultura Continental, BR 392, no 299, Vila Santa Tereza, CEP 96203-000 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. E-mail: garcia_log@hotmail.comUniversidade Federal do Rio GrandeBrazilRio Grande, RS, Brazil Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Laboratório de Aquacultura Continental, BR 392, no 299, Vila Santa Tereza, CEP 96203-000 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. E-mail: garcia_log@hotmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9133-7212

*Corresponding author: dmsfurg@yahoo.com.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (3)
Tables (2)

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Figure 1.
Glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) activity (A), reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration (B), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (C) in the hemolymph of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp reared in biofloc technology (BFT) and clear water (CW) systems. Data are expressed as means±standard error of the mean. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments over the same time period by the analysis of variance, followed by Newman-Keuls post-hoc test, at 5% probability. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences of each treatment over the experimental period.

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Figure 2.
Glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) activity (A), reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration (B), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (C) in the hepatopancreas of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp reared in biofloc technology (BFT) and clear water (CW) systems. Data are expressed as means±standard error of the mean. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments over the same time period by the analysis of variance, followed by Newman-Keuls post-hoc test, at 5% probability. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences between each treatment over the experimental period.

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Figure 3.
Glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) activity (A), reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration (B), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (C) in the gills of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp reared in biofloc technology (BFT) and clear water (CW) systems. Data are expressed as means±standard error of the mean. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments over the same time period by the analysis of variance, followed by Newman-Keuls post-hoc test, at 5% probability. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences between each treatment over the experimental period.

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Table 1.
Water physicochemical parameters in the experimental tanks⁽¹⁾.

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Table 2.
Immunological and zootechnical parameters of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp reared during a 60-day experimental period (at 30 and 60 days) in biofloc technology (BFT) and clear water (CW) systems at 27°C⁽¹⁾.

Figure 1. Glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) activity (A), reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration (B), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (C) in the hemolymph of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp reared in biofloc technology (BFT) and clear water (CW) systems. Data are expressed as means±standard error of the mean. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments over the same time period by the analysis of variance, followed by Newman-Keuls post-hoc test, at 5% probability. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences of each treatment over the experimental period.

Figure 2. Glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) activity (A), reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration (B), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (C) in the hepatopancreas of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp reared in biofloc technology (BFT) and clear water (CW) systems. Data are expressed as means±standard error of the mean. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments over the same time period by the analysis of variance, followed by Newman-Keuls post-hoc test, at 5% probability. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences between each treatment over the experimental period.

Figure 3. Glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) activity (A), reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration (B), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (C) in the gills of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp reared in biofloc technology (BFT) and clear water (CW) systems. Data are expressed as means±standard error of the mean. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments over the same time period by the analysis of variance, followed by Newman-Keuls post-hoc test, at 5% probability. Different uppercase letters indicate significant differences between each treatment over the experimental period.

Table 1. Water physicochemical parameters in the experimental tanks⁽¹⁾.

Parameter	Treatment
Parameter	BFT at 27°C	CW at 27ºC
Temperature (°C)	26.89±0.15a	26.73±0.09a
pH	7.68±0.02a	8.23±0.01b
Salinity (g L^-1)	31.88±0.24a	29.28±0.18b
DO (mg L^-1)	5.91±0.03a	6.13±0.02a
Alkalinity (mg L^-1)	93.14±5.91a	148.70±1.15b
TAN (mg L^-1)	0.15±0.01a	0.33±0.03b
Nitrite (mg L^-1)	0.07±0.006a	1.40±0.23b
Nitrate (mg L^-1)	42.02±4.77a	7.77±1.78b
TSS (mg L^-1)	30±15.23a	450±40.56b

⁽¹⁾Means followed by equal letters in the rows do not differ among treatments by the one-way analysis of variance, at 5% probability. DO, dissolved oxygen; TAN; total ammonia nitrogen; TSS, total suspended solids; BFT, biofloc technology; and CW, clear water. Data are mean±standard error of the mean.

Table 2. Immunological and zootechnical parameters of Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp reared during a 60-day experimental period (at 30 and 60 days) in biofloc technology (BFT) and clear water (CW) systems at 27°C⁽¹⁾.

Parameter	Period (days)	Treatment
Parameter	Period (days)	BFT at 27°C	CW at 27ºC
GH, granular hemocytes (%)	30	66.2±2.2	64.8±1.6
GH, granular hemocytes (%)	60	67.8±1.9	69.2±2.1
HH, hyaline hemocytes (%)	30	33.8±2.2	35.2±1.5
HH, hyaline hemocytes (%)	60	32.2±1.9	30.8±2.1
TP (mg mL^-1)	30	119.6±2.1	119.2±1.2
TP (mg mL^-1)	60	119.4±1.0	121.0±1.7
Apoptosis (%)	30	2.0±0.3	2.4±.05
Apoptosis (%)	60	3.2±0.5	2.6±0.6
SV (%)		73.33±1.4a	59.16±3.0b
FW (g)		7.03±0.3a	9.84±0.6b
SGR (%)		2.30±0.07a	2.46±0.08a
Productivity (kg m^-3)		0.95±0.2a	0.19±0.3b

⁽¹⁾Means followed by equal letters in the row do not differ among treatments by the one-way analysis of variance, at 5% probability. GH, granular hemocytes; HH, hyaline hemocytes; TP, total protein; SV survival; FW, final weight; and SGR, specific growth rate. Data are mean±standard error of the mean.

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Growth, antioxidant system, and immunological status of shrimp in bioflocs and clear water culture systems

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[1] *Corresponding author: dmsfurg@yahoo.com.br