Resilience in LGB Youths: A Systematic Review of Protection Mechanisms1

Freitas, Daniela Fonseca; Coimbra, Susana; Fontaine, Anne Marie

doi:10.1590/1982-43272766201709

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Systematic Literature Review • Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) 27 (66) • Jan-Apr 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-43272766201709 copy

Resilience in LGB Youths: A Systematic Review of Protection Mechanisms¹ 1 Paper based on the first author's doctoral dissertation under supervision of Anne Marie Fontaine, Susana Coimbra and Edna Maria Marturano, defended in 2016 in the Doctoral Program in Psychology at the Faculty of psychology and Education Sciences of the University of Porto, in cooperation with the Graduate Program in Psychology at RibeirãoPreto School of Philosophy, Science and Literature of the University of São Paulo. Support: This study was funded by a doctoral grant from FCT - Portuguese national funding agency for science, research and technology (SFRH/BD/79575/2011) and by an International Students USP Grant Program (2014.1.3765.1.1).This work was funded by the Portuguese Science Foundation (CPUP UID/PSI/00050/2013; FEDER/COMPETE2020 POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007294).

Resiliência em Jovens LGB: Uma Revisão Sistemática de Mecanismos de Proteção

Resiliencia en los Jóvenes LGB: Una Revisión Sistemática de los Mecanismos de Protección

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract:

Given the mental health disparities among LGB and heterosexual youth, literature has increasingly emphasized the need to identify the mechanisms that promote resilience among sexual minorities. This systematic review sought to answer the question: what are the protection mechanisms against homophobia among LGB youth? Of the 147 references located in the search, 13 studies were analyzed. The identified protection mechanisms were organized by two criteria: specific to sexual orientation or general, and considered to be at the personal, relational and contextual level. Most of the mechanisms revealed to solely promote the positive adjustment in the presence of risk. General protective mechanisms frequently revealed to be more compensatory of the risks than those specific to sexual orientation.

Keywords:
resilience (psychology); homophobia; bullying; sexual orientation; victimization

	Protective Mechanisms	Non-Protective Mechanisms	Vulnerability Mechanisms
Depression	Self-esteem (compensatory and mediator of heterosexism) Perceived competence in solving difficult situations (protective, offsets the risk of internalized homophobia) Perceived mastery (compensatory of risk associated to the minority sexual orientation) Physical exercise (protective-stabilizing effect on heterosexism) Social support (compensatory of sexual orientation; protective-stabilizing effect of cortisol disruption; protective-stabilizing effect of LGB conflicts; protective-stabilizing effect of internalized homophobia) Positive relationship with the parents (compensatory of sexual orientation, protective-stabilizing effect of internalized homophobia) Perceived support, union with the parents and engagement in activities with the parents (compensatory of sexual orientation) Positive relationships with professors in college (compensatory)	Identification with LGBQ community Openness to coming-out LGB coping Number of LGB friends Perceived attitudes of support to sexual minorities in college context Adaptive coping Social support (non-protective effect on homophobic discrimination)	Maladaptive coping (vulnerability and mediator of internalized homophobia) Cortisol disruption (reactive vulnerability to victimization and LGB conflicts)
Self-esteem	Protection at work (compensatory of micro-aggressions) Perceived mastery (compensatory of risk of minority sexual orientation) Social support (compensatory of homophobic victimization and LGB conflicts) Positive relationship with the parents (protective, offsets the influence of internalized homophobia, homophobic victimization and LGB conflicts)		Equalitarian legislation of marriage (reactive vulnerability to high levels of LGB identity salience)
Anxiety	LGB pride (compensatory and mediator of heterosexism) Salience of LGBQ identity (compensatory and protective-stabilizing effect on micro-aggressions in the distal sphere) Self-esteem (compensatory and mediator of heterosexism) Physical activity (protective-stabilizing effect on heterosexism) Positive relationship with the parents (protective-stabilizing effect on internalized homophobia) Positive relations with professors in college (compensatory of heterosexism)	Identification with LGBQ community Openness to coming-out LGB coping Number of LGB friends Perceived attitudes of support for sexual minorities in college context Equalitarian legislation of marriage Protection at work Social support Adaptive coping	Maladaptive coping (m. of vulnerability and mediator of internalized homophobia) Salience of LGBQ identity (reactive vulnerability to micro-aggressions of proximal sphere)
Substance Consumption	Number of LGB friends (protective-stabilizing effect on heterosexism) Self-esteem (protective-reactive to heterosexism) Perceived union and support by parents (compensatory of sexual orientation) Engagement in activities with the parents (compensatory of sexual orientation in female adolescents - LB)	Perceived attitudes of support to sexual minorities Physical exercise Positive relations with professors in college	Engagement in activities with the parents (vulnerability to sexual orientation only in male adolescents - GB)
Suicidal Ideas	Positive reactions to coming-out by peers Positive relationship with parents (compensatory in the presence of internalized homophobia, homophobic victimization and LGB conflicts)	Positive reactions to coming-out by teachers Presence of LGB friends or teachers Elements of recognition of sexual diversity in school Social support	Negative reactions by teachers to coming-out Non-acceptance at school Social support (vulnerability reactive to victimization)

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Av.Bandeirantes 3900 - Monte Alegre, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto - São Paulo - Brasil, Tel.: (55 16) 3315-3829 - Ribeirão Preto - SP - Brazil
E-mail: paideia@usp.br

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[1] Correspondence address: Daniela Fonseca Freitas. Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal ; daniela.ffreitas@gmail.com