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Research Article • Pesqui. Agropecu. Trop. 49 • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632019v4955718 copiar

Sistemas de consórcio de milho e resposta de feijoeiro em sucessão submetido a adubação nitrogenada

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMO

A sucessão de feijoeiro com culturas consorciadas, no sistema plantio direto, é benéfica, sobretudo na busca por sustentabilidade. Além da produção de palhada, o consórcio de culturas pode fornecer nitrogênio (N) ao feijoeiro em sucessão, diminuindo o uso de adubo mineral, que é poluente e tem custo elevado. Objetivou-se avaliar a resposta à adubação nitrogenada de feijoeiro em sucessão a sistemas de cultivo de milho, bem como o desempenho agronômico destes sistemas no plantio direto. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com arranjo de parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. As parcelas consistiram de sistemas de cultivo de milho exclusivo, em consórcio com braquiária e com crotalária. As subparcelas foram cinco doses de nitrogênio (0 kg ha^-1, 50 kg ha^-1, 100 kg ha^-1, 150 kg ha^-1 e 200 kg ha^-1), aplicadas em adubação de cobertura no feijoeiro de inverno, em sucessão aos sistemas de cultivo de milho. Nos sistemas de cultivo de milho, avaliaram-se a produtividade de grãos e quantidade e acúmulo de N da palhada. Quanto ao feijoeiro em sucessão, foram avaliados a produtividade e atributos de qualidade de grãos. Embora os três sistemas de cultivo tenham sido viáveis quanto à produtividade de grãos de milho, o consórcio de milho com crotalária proporcionou palhada com maior acúmulo de N e maiores quantidades de massa seca produzida. A elevação das doses de N promoveu aumento na produtividade de grãos de feijoeiro em sucessão ao milho consorciado. O consórcio milho e crotalária proporcionou grãos de maior tamanho e, em relação à produtividade de grãos, observou-se efeito equivalente à aplicação de mais de 200 kg ha^-1 de N em cobertura para o feijoeiro em sucessão.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE:
Crotalaria spectabilis; Phaseolus vulgaris; Urochloa ruziziensis; dinâmica de nitrogênio; produção de palhada

Agricultural year	Season	Crops	Fertilization (kg ha^-1)
			Sowing			Topdressing
			N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	K₂O
2008/2009	Summer	Maize and brachiaria	30.0	50	50	140	-
2008/2009	Spring	Common bean	10.0	30	20	90	-
2009/2010	Summer	Maize and brachiaria	28.0	70	70	120	-
2009/2010	Spring	Common bean	4.9	49	49	90	-
2010/2011	Summer	Maize and brachiaria	24.0	84	48	160	80
2010/2011	Spring	Common bean	15.0	45	45	90	-
2011/2012	Summer	Maize and brachiaria	13.0	46	26	180	80
2011/2012	Spring	Common bean	13.0	52	30	90	-
2012/2013	Summer	Maize and brachiaria	26.0	92	53	160	80
2012/2013	Spring	Common bean	17.0	59	34	90	-
2013/2014	Summer	Crotalaria	-	-	-	-	-
2013/2014	Spring	Millet	-	-	-	-	-

Attributes	Before maize cropping systems	Before common bean
Attributes	Before maize cropping systems	Maize	Maize + brachiaria⁽¹⁾ (1) Maize intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis;	Maize + crotalaria⁽²⁾ (2) maize intercropped with Crotalaria spectabilis.
pH (CaCl₂)	5.5	5.6	5.6	5.7
OM (g dm^- ³)	21.0	25.0	24.0	26.0
P (mg dm^- ³)	57.0	58.0	53.0	60.0
K (mmol_c dm^-3)	5.4	5.2	3.5	5.0
Ca (mmol_c dm^-3)	48.0	39.0	43.0	41.0
Mg (mmol_c dm^-3)	33.0	39.0	43.0	41.0
H + Al (mmol_c dm^-3)	24.0	31.0	28.0	25.0
CEC (mmol_c dm^-3)	110.0	92.0	92.0	88.0
V (%)	78.0	66.0	70.0	72.0

Treatments	Grain yield (t ha^-1)	Quantity of straw (t ha^-1)	Straw nitrogen accumulation (kg ha^-1)
Cropping systems (S)
Maize	10.64	6.02 c⁽¹⁾ (1) Means followed by equal letters in the columns, for each factor, do not differ by the Tukey test at 5 % of probability.	31.61 b
Maize + brachiaria⁽²⁾ (2) Maize intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis.	9.93	6.67 b	42.76 ab
Maize + crotalaria⁽³⁾ (3) Maize intercropped with Crotalaria spectabilis.	9.99	7.45 a	48.43 a
CV (%)	11.61		21.63
F test	2.25^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	62.48^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.	6.82^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.

Treatments	LN (g kg^-1)	NPP	NGP	100GW (g)	GY (kg ha^-1)
Overall mean	31.80	9.30	4.60	28.03	2,470.78
Cropping systems (S)
F test	55.56^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.	166.46^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.	4.88^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	2.64^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	309.73^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.
CV (%)	6.04	4.26	13.70	2.89	8.24
Nitrogen doses (N)
F test	8.45^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.	30.21^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.	2.30^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	0.74^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	22.17^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.
CV (%)	5.03	6.49	9.82	3.01	5.93
Interaction S x N
F test	1.09^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	3.44^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.	0.20^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	0.07^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	4.36^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.

Treatments	LN (g kg^-1)	NPP	GY (g)
Cropping systems (S)
Maize	30.1 b⁽¹⁾ (1) Means followed by different letters in the columns, for each factor, differ by the Tukey test at 5 % of probability.	8.1 c	2,125.29 c
Maize + brachiaria⁽²⁾ (2) Maize intercropped with Urochloa ruziziensis.	30.0 b	9.3 b	2,402.61 b
Maize + crotalaria⁽³⁾ (3) Maize intercropped with Crotalaria spectabilis.	35.4 a	10.4 a	2,884.44 a

Treatments	Processing sieves
Treatments	11⁽¹⁾ (1) Sieves with mesh sizes equal to 11/64" x 3/4 (4.37 mm x 19.05 mm), 12/64" x 3/4 (4.76 mm x 19.05 mm), 13/64" x 3/4 (5.16 mm x 19.05 mm) and 14/64" x 3/4 (5.56 mm x 19.05 mm) refer to 11, 12, 13 and 14, respectively. The sum of the percentage of grains retained on the sieves 12, 13 and 14 represents ≥ 12.	12	13	14	≥ 12
Overall mean (%)	21.40	31.28	24.92	14.54	77.61
Cropping system (S)
F test	20.18^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.	2.69^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	7.08^* * Significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	11.44^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.	15.33^ Significant by the F test at 1 % of probability.
CV (%)	23.29	14.46	10.24	30.48	8.24
Nitrogen doses (N)
F test	1.21^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	0.44^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	1.28^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	1.73^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	2.52^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.
CV (%)	20.92	13.28	6.10	20.51	5.93
Interaction S x N
F test	0.69^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	0.62^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	0.73^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	0.21^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	0.44^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.

Treatments	CP (%)	CT (min)	TMH (h:min)	HR
Overall mean	20.35	9.30	4.60	28.03
Cropping systems (S)
F test	0.18^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	9.45^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	1.13^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	4.63^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.
CV (%)	13.91	4.84	4.79	1.54
Nitrogen doses (N)
F test	1.05^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	1.00^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	0.73^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	2.20^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.
CV (%)	9.25	6.55	3.45	1.33
Interaction S x N
F test	0.81^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	0.01^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	0.96^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.	1.03^ns ns Not significant by the F test at 5 % of probability.

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