Cowpea development under different temperatures and carbon dioxide concentrations

Angelotti, Francislene; Barbosa, Laise Guerra; Barros, Juliane Rafaele Alves; Santos, Carlos Antonio Fernandes dos

doi:10.1590/1983-40632020v5059377

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Research Article • Pesqui. Agropecu. Trop. 50 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632020v5059377 copy

Cowpea development under different temperatures and carbon dioxide concentrations

Desenvolvimento de feijão-caupi sob diferentes temperaturas e concentrações de dióxido de carbono

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The increase of CO₂ concentrations and temperatures may affect the plant development and production. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the increased temperature and carbon dioxide concentration on the development of cowpea cultivars. The experiment was conducted in growth chambers, with control of CO₂ and temperature. A completely randomized design was carried out, in a 4 x 3 x 2 factorial arrangement [cultivar x temperature (day/night) x CO₂], with three replicates. The duration of the cowpea vegetative and reproductive phases was evaluated and, at the end of the experiment, the number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, seed weight, shoot fresh and dry matter weight were quantified. Temperature affects the development of cowpea cultivars, and the temperatures of 29 ºC (day)/23 ºC (night) lead to a higher seed weight. The increase of CO₂ leads to a higher number of pods and seeds and seed weight. The BRS Tapaihum cultivar presented the highest number of pods and seeds and seed weight. In addition, the temperatures of 32 ºC (day)/29 ºC (night) lead to a greater flower abortion in the BRS Pujante and BRS Tapaihum cultivars.

KEYWORDS:
Vigna unguiculata; climate change; phenology

Phenological stages	Canapu
	26 ºC/20 ºC		29 ºC/23 ºC		32 ºC/29 ºC
	550 ppm	370 ppm	550 ppm	370 ppm	550 ppm	370 ppm
V3	15	12	10	12	10	10
V4	38	34	30	32	28	36
R5	15	21	20	15	25	21
R6	1	1	2	3	3	3
R7	9	10	9	9	6	10
R8	6	6	9	8	7	6
R9	5	1	2	2	5	3
Total length of the cycle	89	85	82	81	84	89
	BRS Marataoã
V3	12	12	6	11	8	7
V4	34	32	28	23	21	22
R5	13	18	11	14	21	21
R6	3	2	3	2	2	5
R7	9	8	9	9	6	8
R8	6	8	9	6	7	3
R9	3	3	2	3	3	5
Total length of the cycle	80	83	68	68	68	71
	BRS Pujante
V3	12	12	6	12	11	17
V4	20	24	28	23	26	27
R5	11	10	11	10	21	10
R6	2	3	3	2	2	2
R7	12	12	8	11	7	12
R8	12	11	8	5	7	8
R9	7	5	2	3	4	2
Total length of the cycle	76	77	66	66	78	78
	BRS Tapaihum
V3	12	13	10	12	9	10
V4	19	18	13	13	10	14
R5	9	9	10	10	22	10
R6	3	2	2	2	2	2
R7	9	10	9	10	7	7
R8	10	6	7	8	5	6
R9	5	7	3	3	4	5
Total length of the cycle	67	65	54	58	59	54

Cultivar	Temperature	550 ppm	370 ppm
Canapu	26 ºC/20 ºC	13 %	59 %
	29 ºC/23 ºC	50 %	42 %
	32 ºC/29 ºC	60 %	23 %
BRS Marataoã	26 ºC/20 ºC	59 %	34 %
	29 ºC/23 ºC	17 %	17 %
	32 ºC/29 ºC	50 %	42 %
BRS Pujante	26 ºC/20 ºC	0 %	17 %
	29 ºC/23 ºC	33 %	17 %
	32 ºC/29 ºC	67 %	42 %
BRS Tapaihum	26 ºC/20 ºC	8 %	0 %
	29 ºC/23 ºC	0 %	7 %
	32 ºC/29 ºC	34 %	54 %

Causes of variation	DF	Medium square
Causes of variation	DF	Number of pods	Number of seeds	Seed weight	Shoot fresh mass	Shoot dry mass
CO₂	1	53.38^ significant at 1 % of probability by the F test;	2,233.34^* * Significant at 5 % of probability;	191.37^ significant at 1 % of probability by the F test;	1,687.60^ns ns not significant.	263.79^ significant at 1 % of probability by the F test;
Temperature	2	21.09^* * Significant at 5 % of probability;	2,181.79^ significant at 1 % of probability by the F test;	257.64^ significant at 1 % of probability by the F test;	14,823.23^ significant at 1 % of probability by the F test;	113.56^ significant at 1 % of probability by the F test;
Cultivar	3	196.79^ significant at 1 % of probability by the F test;	13,267.83^ significant at 1 % of probability by the F test;	414.39^ significant at 1 % of probability by the F test;	4,544.68^ significant at 1 % of probability by the F test;	114.84^ significant at 1 % of probability by the F test;
CO₂ x temperature	2	2.43^ns ns not significant.	101.01^ns ns not significant.	25.21^ns ns not significant.	814.34^ns ns not significant.	27.71^ns ns not significant.
CO₂ x cultivar	3	7.16^ns ns not significant.	540.38^ns ns not significant.	29.33^ns ns not significant.	217.22^ns ns not significant.	15.86^ns ns not significant.
Temperature x cultivar	6	7.94^ns ns not significant.	550.99^ns ns not significant.	19.11^ns ns not significant.	778.01^ns ns not significant.	12.84^ns ns not significant.
CO₂ x temperature x cultivar	6	5.20^ns ns not significant.	612.77^ns ns not significant.	20.03^ns ns not significant.	1,073.26^ns ns not significant.	19.15^ns ns not significant.

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[TFN1] ^*
Significant at 5 % of probability;

[TFN2] ^**
significant at 1 % of probability by the F test;

[TFN3] ^ns
not significant.

CO₂	Number of pods	Number of seeds	Seed weight
550 ppm	2.40 a^* * Means followed by the same letter do not differ statistically by the Tukey test at 5 % of probability.	5.83 a	3.04 a
370 ppm	2.04 b	4.82 b	2.47 b
Temperature	Number of pods	Number of seeds	Seed weight
26 ºC/20 ºC	2.01 b	4.55 b	2.21 b
29 ºC/23 ºC	2.445 a	6.29 a	3.34 a
32 ºC/29 ºC	2.20 ab	5.13 ab	2.70 b
Cultivars	Number of pods	Number of seeds	Seed weight
BRS Tapaihum	3.17 a	8.54 a	3.88 a
BRS Marataoã	1.99 b	5.07 b	2.52 b
BRS Pujante	2.24 b	4.57 bc	2.79 b
Canapu	1.49 c	3.119 c	1.82 c
CV (%)	23.55	34.17	25.79

CO₂	SFM	SDM
550 ppm	87.56 a^* * Significant at 5 % of probability;	13.58 a
370 ppm	77.87 a	9.75 b
Temperature	SFM	SDM
26 ºC/20 ºC	55.36 b	9.18 b
29 ºC/23 ºC	88.87 a	13.25 a
32 ºC/29 ºC	103.91 a	12.56 a
Cultivars	SFM	SDM
BRS Tapaihum	63.16 b	8.88 c
BRS Marataoã	87.78 ab	12.63 ab
BRS Pujante	101.02 a	14.67 a
Canapu	78.89 ab	10.48 bc
CV (%)	37.77	35.41