Production of <i>Tamarindus indica</i> L. seedlings submitted to substrates and pre-germination methods

Gomes, Camile Dutra Lourenço; Sá, Jolinda Mércia de; Rodrigues, Marília Hortência Batista Silva; Sousa, Valéria Fernandes de Oliveira; Bomfim, Marinês Pereira

doi:10.1590/1983-40632019v4954029

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Research Article • Pesqui. Agropecu. Trop. 49 • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632019v4954029 copy

Production of Tamarindus indica L. seedlings submitted to substrates and pre-germination methods

Produção de mudas de Tamarindus indica L. submetidas a substratos e métodos pré-germinativos

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The tamarind tree has problems of seed germination, and methods to overcome it are necessary. This study aimed to evaluate substrates and pre-germination methods in the production of tamarind seedlings. The experiment was carried out in a protected environment, using a randomized block experimental design, in a 5 x 4 factorial scheme, corresponding to five pre-germination methods (mechanical scarification with sandpaper and imbibition in water for 24 h, tegument cut and soaking in water for 24 h, soaking in water for 24 h, seed soaked in water with Trichoderma harzianum for 24 h and seed soaked in water containing T. longibrachiatum for 24 h) and four substrates [100 % of soil, soil + commercial substrate (3:2), soil + bovine manure (3:2) and soil + goat manure (3:2)]. The use of substrates formulated with soil + bovine manure and soil + goat manure in the production of Tamarindus indica L. seedlings provides a higher growth. The pre-germination methods of mechanical scarification and the use of seed soaking in both Trichodermas positively influence the growth and quality of seedlings.

KEYWORDS:
Tamarindus indica L.; seed dormancy; manure

Substrate	pH(H₂O) 1:2.5	EC	P	N	K	Na	Ca	Mg	Al	H + Al	SB	CEC	OM
Substrate	pH(H₂O) 1:2.5	dS m^-1	mg dm^-3	%	^{____________________________} cmol_cdm^{-3 ____________________________}						cmol_cdm^-3		gkg^-1
S	6.50	0.32	16.00	1.00	1.39	0.61	2.70	2.50	0.00	0.32	7.20	8.21	16.0
BM	6.47	1.09	98.00	2.40	3.80	1.54	4.52	2.63	0.00	0.00	12.50	10.90	40.0
GM	7.26	0.74	2.86	3.80	2.68	4.50	2.60	2.93	0.00	0.00	14.50	11.72	42.0
BSC	5.80	1.41	315.00	-	468.00	6.60	15.60	9.50	0.00	6.60	142.00	33.00	8.2

SV	DF	Medium square
SV	DF	Height (cm)	NL	SD (mm)	RL (cm)	SDM (g)	RDM (g)	TDM (g)	BP (%)	DQI
M	4	477.23^ significant at 1 % of probability;	480.41^ significant at 1 % of probability;	0.96^ significant at 1 % of probability;	234.82^ significant at 1 % of probability;	1.48^ significant at 1 % of probability;	0.10^* * significant at 5 % of probability, by the F test. M: pre-germination methods; S: substrates; CV: coefficient of variation; SV: source of variation; DF: degree of freedom.	1.47^ significant at 1 % of probability;	362.79^ significant at 1 % of probability;	0.005^ significant at 1 % of probability;
S	3	1,219.28^ significant at 1 % of probability;	2,619.83^ significant at 1 % of probability;	1.09^ significant at 1 % of probability;	107.32^ significant at 1 % of probability;	14.67^ significant at 1 % of probability;	0.11^* * significant at 5 % of probability, by the F test. M: pre-germination methods; S: substrates; CV: coefficient of variation; SV: source of variation; DF: degree of freedom.	15.57^ significant at 1 % of probability;	176.39^ significant at 1 % of probability;	0.01^ significant at 1 % of probability;
M x S	12	303.86^ significant at 1 % of probability;	238.79^ significant at 1 % of probability;	0.26^ns ns Not significant;	194.95^ significant at 1 % of probability;	2.19^ significant at 1 % of probability;	0.48^ significant at 1 % of probability;	4.24^ significant at 1 % of probability;	475.67^ significant at 1 % of probability;	0.005^ significant at 1 % of probability;
Block	5	16.96^ns ns Not significant;	9.35^ns ns Not significant;	0.26^ns ns Not significant;	17.89^ns ns Not significant;	0.39^ns ns Not significant;	0.06^ns ns Not significant;	0.56^ns ns Not significant;	61.51^* * significant at 5 % of probability, by the F test. M: pre-germination methods; S: substrates; CV: coefficient of variation; SV: source of variation; DF: degree of freedom.	0.001^ns ns Not significant;
Residue	95	13.40	10.70	0.18	12.67	0.17	0.03	0.26	26.38	0.001
Total	119
CV (%)		11.32	11.53	14.50	14.47	22.31	27.82	19.76	14.45	19.81
Average		32.33	28.38	2.99	24.60	1.88	0.69	2.58	35.54	0.18

Pre-germination methods	Height (cm)				Number of leaves
Pre-germination methods	S₁	S₂	S₃	S₄	S₁	S₂	S₃	S₄
M₁	31.05 ABCb	10.00 Bc	36.84 Ba	37.90 Ba	18.05 Bb	8.16 Cc	41.20 Aa	38.88 Aa
M₂	25.25 Cb	27.75 Ab	14.50 Cc	39.90 Ba	19.23 Bb	18.83 Bb	18.00 Bb	31.83 Ba
M₃	32.66 ABb	25.00 Ac	39.33 ABa	35.66 Bab	21.83 Abc	18.66 Bc	41.33 Aa	30.00 Bb
M₄	28.83 BCb	30.00 Ab	43.83 Aa	40.66 ABa	22.83 ABb	22.00 Bb	41.66 Aa	40.50 Aa
M₅	36.83 Ab	29.66 Ac	36.33 Bb	45.50 Aa	26.66 Ab	29.00 Ab	38.00 Aa	43.00 Aa

Pre-germination methods	Stem diameter (cm)
M₁	3.15 A
M₂	2.73 B
M₃	2.87 AB
M₄	2.97 AB
M₅	3.21 A
Substrates
S₁	2.81 B
S₂	2.84 B
S₃	3.10 AB
S₄	3.20 A

Pre-germination methods	Root length (cm)				Shoot dry mass (g)
Pre-germination methods	S₁	S₂	S₃	S₄	S₁	S₂	S₃	S₄
M₁	27.08 Aa	8.66 Bb	22.00 Aa	25.08 Aa	1.66 Ab	0.48 Bc	2.88 Aa	2.72 Aa
M₂	22.56 Aa	27.58 Aa	12.60 Bb	27.02 Aa	1.25 Abc	1.45 Ab	0.65 Bc	2.71 Aa
M₃	27.66 Aa	32.00 Aa	26.66 Aa	27.16 Aa	1.58 Ab	0.90 ABc	2.89 Aa	1.77 Bb
M₄	26.41 Ab	32.83 Aa	24.33 Ab	23.83 Ab	1.44 Ab	1.41 Ab	2.45 Aa	2.77 Aa
M₅	24.50 Aab	28.50 Aa	23.50 Aab	22.00 Aa	1.67 Ab	1.21 Ab	2.73 Aa	3.05 Aa

Pre-germination methods	Root dry mass (g)				Total dry mass (g)
Pre-germination methods	S₁	S₂	S₃	S₄	S₁	S₂	S₃	S₄
M₁	0.58 Bb	0.30 Bb	1.16 Aa	0.57 ABb	2.25 Ab	0.78 Bc	4.04 Aa	3.29 Aa
M₂	1.03 Aa	0.83 Aa	0.20 Cb	0.78 Aa	2.28 Ab	2.29 Ab	0.85 Bc	3.50 Aa
M₃	0.65 Bab	0.78 Aa	0.74 Bab	0.47 Bb	2.24 Ab	1.69 Ab	3.63 Aa	2.24 Bb
M₄	0.55 Bb	0.78 Ab	1.14 Aa	0.71 ABb	2.00 Ab	2.20 Ab	3.59 Aa	3.49 Aa
M₅	0.59 Ba	0.58 ABa	0.67 Ba	0.68 ABa	2.27 Ab	1.79 Ab	3.41 Aa	3.74 Aa

Pre-germination methods	Biomass production (%)				Dickson quality index
Pre-germination methods	S₁	S₂	S₃	S₄	S₁	S₂	S₃	S₄
M₁	36.91 Ba	13.33 Cb	34.41 Ba	32.72 Aa	0.16 Ab	0.20 Aab	0.25 Aa	0.22 Aab
M₂	36.63 Bb	51.61 Aa	17.93 Cc	35.38 Ab	0.19 Aab	0.17 ABab	0.14 Bb	0.20 ABa
M₃	37.41 Bab	38.09 Bab	42.93 Aa	34.03 Ab	0.16 Ab	0.14 Bb	0.22 Aa	0.15 Bb
M₄	45.21 Aa	41.35 Bab	36.08 ABb	35.19 Ab	0.15 Ab	0.16 ABb	0.20 Aab	0.22 Ab
M₅	38.25 ABa	33.45 Ba	34.71 ABa	35.28 Aa	0.16 Ab	0.15 ABb	0.22 Aa	0.22 Aa

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[TFN1] pH: hydrogenation potential; EC: electrical conductivity; P: phosphorus, N: nitrogen; Na: sodium; Ca: Calcium, Mg: Magnesium; Al: aluminum; H: hydrogen; SB: sum of bases; CEC: total cation exchange capacity; OM: organic matter; S: soil; BM: bovine manure; GM: goat manure; BSC: Basaplant Solaris^® commercial substrate.