DRIS indices in three phenological stages of the carrot crop

Gonçalves, Felipe Augusto Reis; Aquino, Leonardo Angelo de; Dezordi, Luciel Rauni; Clemente, Junia Maria; Novais, Roberto Ferreira

doi:10.1590/1983-40632016v4742449

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Scientific Articles • Pesqui. Agropecu. Trop. 47 (1) • Jan-Mar 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632016v4742449 copy

DRIS indices in three phenological stages of the carrot crop

Índices DRIS em três fases fenológicas da cultura da cenoura

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Carrot is one of the most consumed vegetables in Brazil, where the cultivars currently grown present a high yield potential and nutritional demand, which require constant adjustments in fertilization programs for the crop. This study aimed at determining reference values and diagnostic indices by using the DRIS method in three phenological stages of the carrot crop (around 40 and 70 days after sowing and at harvest), as well as evaluating the possibility of early diagnosis for nutritional limitations. For determining the DRIS norms, a database was obtained from leaf samplings, root yields and leaf contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Mn and Zn, in carrot commercial fields. The nutritional limitation order was generated as a function of the fertilization response and optimum range of leaf contents. The reference values for K, Ca, Mg, S and Mn were similar in all sampling times. N, P, B, Cu and Zn varied with the stages sampled, indicating the need to standardize the sampling times for these nutrients. Mn, K and Mg were the most limiting nutrients for the crop growth, while Zn and B were the least limiting. There was a correlation between the diagnoses performed at early stages and those performed at harvest for K, Ca, Mg, S and Mn, indicating the possibility of early diagnosis for the deficiency of these nutrients.

KEYWORDS:
Daucus carota L.; early diagnosis; nutritional limitation

Attribute	Unit	Extractor/Method	Average	Satandard deviation
pH	-	H₂O	6.3	0.3
Organic carbon	dag kg^-1	K₂Cr₂O₇/Walkley-Black	2.0	0.3
Remaining P	mg L^-1	-	10.6	3.2
Phosphorus (P)	mg dm^-3	Mehlich-1	28.0	15.1
Potassium (K⁺)	mmol_c dm^-3	Mehlich-1	3.1	0.8
Calcium (Ca²⁺)	mmol_c dm^-3	KCl	33.9	5.8
Magnesium (Mg²⁺)	mmol_c dm^-3	KCl	10.7	3.0
Sulfur (SO₄^2-)	mg dm^-3	Ca(H₂PO₄)₂.H₂O in HAc	7.5	4.5
CEC (T)	mmol_c dm^-3	-	82.3	8.2
Boron (B)	mg dm^-3	Hot water	0.52	0.21
Copper (Cu)	mg dm^-3	Mehlich-1	2.5	1.4
Iron (Fe)	mg dm^-3	Mehlich-1	38.0	12.2
Manganese (Mn)	mg dm^-3	Mehlich-1	3.2	2.3
Zinc (Zn)	mg dm^-3	Mehlich-1	6.8	3.0

Mathematical model	Range			R²
Stage 1
N = 44.396 + 9.3895^ * and **** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_N	-1.07	< I_N <	0.57	0.536
P = 3.5943 + 1.4824^ * and **** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_P	-1.04	< I_P <	1.30	0.706
K = 44.184 - 9.8763^ * and **** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_K	-1.07	< I_K <	0.57	0.214
Ca = 20.684 + 7.4138^ * and **** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_Ca	-1.11	< I_Ca <	1.13	0.790
Mg = 4.2809 + 1.1826^ * and **** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_Mg	-0.85	< I_Mg <	0.71	0.661
S = 2.2382 + 1.0944^ * and **** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_S	-2.11	< I_S <	1.08	0.747
B = 58.324 + 28.309^ * and **** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_B	-0.57	< I_B <	1.04	0.736
Cu = 12.148 + 11.126^ * and ** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_Cu + 3.8236^ * and ** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_cu²	-1.39	< I_Cu<	1.44	0.918
Mn = 63.822 + 75.304^ * and ** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_Mn + 31.386^ * and ** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_Mn ²	-1.22	< I_Mn <	1.41	0.935
Zn = 33.707 + 23.845^ * and **** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_Zn	-0.93	< I_Zn <	0.98	0.900
Stage 2
N = 37.109 + 2.8432^* * and ** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_N	-1.22	< I_N <	0.90	0.086
P = 2.8179 + 1.28^ * and **** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_P	-1.85	< I_P <	0.95	0.544
K = 45.725 - 5.8349^* * and ** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_K	-1.22	< I_K <	0.90	0.132
Ca = 18.541 + 4.4877^ * and **** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_Ca	-1.35	< I_Ca <	1.37	0.561
Mg = 3.6777 + 0.5124^ * and **** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_Mg	-0.99	< I_Mg <	0.86	0.219
S = 1.7496 + 0.9357^ * and **** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_S	-2.74	< I_S <	1.29	0.738
B = 48.803 + 9.4233^ * and **** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_B	-0.93	< I_B <	1.48	0.376
Cu = 10.11 + 14.873^ * and ** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_Cu + 9.2876^ * and ** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_Cu²	-1.33	< I_Cu<	1.17	0.923
Mn = 68.116 + 73.965^ * and ** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_Mn + 21.151^ * and ** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_Mn²	-1.46	< I_Mn <	1.49	0.894
Zn = 34.386 + 53.455^ * and ** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_Zn+ 27.858^ * and ** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_Zn²	-1.26	< I_Zn <	1.45	0.949
Harvest
N = 20.812 + 4.0388^ * and **** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_N	-0.80	< I_N <	0.65	0.345
P = 1.6217 + 0.8338^ * and **** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_P	-1.06	< I_P <	1.60	0.739
K = 50.555 - 17.146^ * and **** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_K	-0.80	< I_K <	0.65	0.205
Ca = 27.09 + 7.4399^ * and **** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_Ca	-0.73	< I_Ca<	1.59	0.604
Mg = 3.5121 + 1.3031^ * and **** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_Mg	-0.95	< I_Mg <	1.07	0.664
S = 2.124 + 1.1568^ * and **** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_S	-1.58	< I_S <	0.96	0.780
B = 55.558 + 16.8^ * and **** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_B	-0.93	< I_B <	1.01	0.563
Cu = 80.948 + 102.28^ * and ** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_Cu + 33.224^ * and ** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_Cu²	-2.05	< I_Cu <	1.33	0.930
Mn = 67.343 + 73.42^ * and ** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_Mn + 28.787^ * and ** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_Mn²	-1.65	< I_Mn<	1.12	0.921
Zn = 42.0 + 36.064^ * and **** significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively. I_Zn	-1.16	< I_Zn <	1.45	0.902

Nutrient	Optimum content			Optimum range			Literature
Nutrient	Stage 1	Stage 2	Harvest	Stage 1	Stage 2	Harvest	Stage 1⁽¹⁾ (1) Optimum content according to Malavolta et al. (1997);	Stage 2⁽²⁾ (2) optimum ranges according to Hanlon & Hochmuth (2009).	Harvest⁽²⁾ (2) optimum ranges according to Hanlon & Hochmuth (2009).
	^{_________________________________________________________________________} g kg^-1 ^{_________________________________________________________________________}
N	44.4	37.1	20.8	38.1-50.7	35.2-39.0	18.1-23.5	-	18.0-25.0	15.0-25.0
P	3.6	2.8	1.6	2.6-4.6	2.0-3.7	1.1-2.2	-	2.0-4.0	1.8-4.0
K	44.2	45.7	50.6	37.6-0.8	41.8-49.6	39.1-62.0	60.0	20.0-40.0	14.0-40.0
Ca	20.7	18.5	27.1	15.7-25.6	15.5-21.5	22.1-32.0	22.5	20.0-35.0	10.0-15.0
MgS	4.3 2.2	3.7 1.7	3.5 2.1	3.5-5.1 1.5-3.0	3.3-4.0 1.1-2.4	2.6-4.41.4-2.9	3.5 4.0	2.0-5.0 -	4.0-5.0 -
	^{_________________________________________________________________________} mg kg^-1 ^{_________________________________________________________________________}
B	58.3	48.8	55.6	39.5-77.2	42.5-55.1	44.4-66.8	-	20.0-40.0	20.0-40.0
Cu	12.1	10.1	81.0	6.4-21.3	4.3-24.2	27.5-163.9	-	4.0-10.0	4.0-10.0
Mn	63.8	68.1	67.3	27.7-128.0	28.2-126.8	31.2-129.1	-	30.0-60.0	30.0-60.0
Zn	33.7	34.4	42.0	17.8-49.6	11.1-82.4	18.0-66.0	-	20.0-60.0	20.0-60.0

Method/ Classification	Nutritional limitation order
	General population
	Stage 1
PRA¹ 1 Classification generated according to the fertilization response potential;	Mn > Cu > Ca > S > Mg > Zn > N > P > B > K
TOF² 2 classification generated according to the optimum range of leaf content;	Mn > N > Cu > K > S > Mg > Ca > P > Zn > B
	Stage 2
PRA	Cu > Mn > Mg > Ca > B > P > N > K > S > Zn
TOF	N > Mg > Mn > K > B > Cu > P > S > Ca > Zn
	Harvest
PRA	Mn < Mg < K < Ca < Cu < S < Zn < P < N < B
TOF	Mg > K > Mn > Ca > B > N > P > Cu > S > Zn
	Population with high yield ³ 3 high yield (> 93.1 t ha-1, > 90.6 t ha-1 and > 87.8 t ha-1), as a function of the stages (1, 2 and harvest), respectively;
	Stage 1
PRA	Mn > Cu > Ca > S = B > Zn > Mg > P > K > N
TOF	Mn > S > K > P > Mg > Cu > N > Ca > Zn > B
	Stage 2
PRA	Mn < Zn < Cu < Ca < K = S < P < Mg = B < N
TOF	N > K > Mg = Mn = B > S > Ca > Zn > P > Cu
	Harvest
PRA	Zn > Mg > K > Ca > S > P > N > B > Cu > Mn
TOF	K > Zn > N > S > Ca > Cu > Mn > B > Mg > P
	Population with low yield ⁴ 4 low yield (< 93.1 t ha-1, < 90.6 t ha-1 and < 87.8 t ha-1), as a function of the stages (1, 2 and harvest), respectively.
	Stage 1
PRA	Mn > Cu > Ca > S > Mg > N > Zn > P > K > B
TOF	Mn > N > Cu > K > Mg > S > Ca > Zn > P > B
	Stage 2
PRA	Cu > Mg > Mn > Ca > B > N > P > K > S > Zn
TOF	N > Mg > Mn > K > Cu > P > B > S > Ca > Zn
	Harvest
PRA	Mn < Mg < K < Ca < Cu < S < P < N < B < Zn
TOF	Mg > Mn > K > Ca > B > N > P > Cu > S > Zn

Nutrient	Method	Stage	Nutritional status (%)			Yield (t ha^-1)
Nutrient	Method	Stage	LD	NL	LE	LD	NL	LE
N	PRA¹ 1 Classification generated according to the fertilization response potential;	Stage 1	15.40	78.80	5.80	81.30	80.90	86.40
		Stage 2	20.00	70.00	10.00	77.70	77.70	87.70
		Harvest	10.60	64.40	25.00	89.40^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.	74.80	71.80
	TOF² 2 classification generated according to the optimum range of leaf content;	Stage 1	21.20	70.80	8.00	73.56^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.	84.06	80.35
		Stage 2	34.70	31.18	34.12	77.23	80.34	78.52
		Harvest	19.71	50.96	29.33	71.10^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.	81.90	68.00^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.
P	PRA	Stage 1	14.70	69.90	15.40	81.60	80.20	86.90
		Stage 2	20.70	66.50	12.80	79.20	78.60	79.60
		Harvest	11.90	48.10	40.00	85.10^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.	77.00	70.60^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.
	TOF	Stage 1	8.09	80.15	11.76	88.53	80.67	81.96
		Stage 2	15.85	69.51	14.64	76.24	81.27	70.19^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.
		Harvest	15.71	56.67	27.62	65.20^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.	81.80	68.70^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.
K	PRA	Stage 1	10.10	72.70	17.20	84.20	81.80	79.30
		Stage 2	18.30	57.30	24.40	80.60	79.30	76.40
		Harvest	32.40	48.60	19.00	75.60	71.70	84.50^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.
	TOF	Stage 1	18.71	66.19	15.10	77.14	84.11	76.17
		Stage 2	22.56	41.46	35.98	79.32	81.65	75.24^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.
		Harvest	34.29	53.33	12.38	74.20	73.40	87.20^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.
Ca	PRA	Stage 1	22.90	58.30	18.80	85.90	80.30	78.80
		Stage 2	24.40	56.80	18.80	77.70	77.90	81.30
		Harvest	28.60	50.00	21.40	75.60	77.60	69.80^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.
	TOF	Stage 1	8.33	76.39	15.28	77.56	82.27	78.64
		Stage 2	13.07	64.77	22.16	78.99	79.39	75.56
		Harvest	24.29	53.33	22.38	72.90	77.90	72.00^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.
Mg	PRA	Stage 1	18.20	66.40	15.40	78.80	80.70	87.00
		Stage 2	30.30	56.00	13.70	71.50^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.	80.10	87.10^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.
		Harvest	35.60	58.50	5.90	73.20	74.50	95.80^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.
	TOF	Stage 1	15.38	72.72	11.90	78.23	82.00	79.39
		Stage 2	30.86	48.57	20.57	72.14^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.	81.65	81.45
		Harvest	35.61	61.46	2.93	64.20^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.	80.36	97.94
S	PRA	Stage 1	21.60	40.30	38.10	85.40	81.90	80.40
		Stage 2	15.30	59.50	25.20	86.40^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.	77.30	81.30
		Harvest	14.50	59.40	26.10	79.40	70.60	69.80
	TOF	Stage 1	15.67	59.70	24.63	83.39	82.31	80.60
		Stage 2	14.11	57.67	28.22	80.28	81.15	76.89
		Harvest	12.12	69.09	18.79	72.80	73.00	66.50
B	PRA	Stage 1	12.10	67.10	20.80	85.50	82.40	77.00
		Stage 2	21.70	57.70	20.60	77.80	79.00	78.50
		Harvest	9.80	81.90	8.30	83.10^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.	73.20	81.60
	TOF	Stage 1	1.43	87.86	10.71	82.04	81.89	79.49
		Stage 2	16.57	56.00	27.43	80.61	81.07	72.39^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.
		Harvest	21.57	65.69	12.74	66.20^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.	77.70	75.00
Cu	PRA	Stage 1	32.80	41.20	26.00	80.00	80.90	82.50
		Stage 2	38.00	40.10	21.90	76.30	78.10	80.50
		Harvest	16.40	59.50	24.10	72.70	74.20	77.60
	TOF	Stage 1	19.08	61.07	19.85	75.95	81.53	84.33
		Stage 2	16.06	63.50	20.44	72.70^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.	80.19	75.02
		Harvest	14.36	75.90	9.74	69.50	74.80	80.70
Mn	PRA	Stage 1	40.60	35.90	23.50	77.90	79.50	85.70
		Stage 2	33.50	39.90	26.60	77.40	75.70	84.00^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.
		Harvest	41.60	37.10	21.30	66.90^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.	78.30	83.30
	TOF	Stage 1	32.03	46.09	21.88	77.84	80.60	83.42
		Stage 2	28.90	47.98	23.12	73.76^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.	80.67	79.79
		Harvest	33.00	54.82	12.18	65.60^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.	78.50	81.70
Zn	PRA	Stage 1	16.80	54.20	29.00	87.00	80.70	77.70
		Stage 2	12.30	37.10	50.60	94.20^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.	81.50	72.10^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.
		Harvest	14.50	44.00	41.50	92.70^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.	73.00	72.20
	TOF	Stage 1	7.48	73.83	18.69	82.76	82.45	73.97^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.
		Stage 2	5.29	60.59	34.12	96.95^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.	79.46	73.33
		Harvest	6.28	75.85	17.87	94.80^* * significant by the t test at 5 %.	74.90	71.50

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[TFN1] ¹
Yield higher than 91.1 t ha^-1, 90.6 t ha^-1 and 87.8 t ha^-1, respectively;

[TFN2] ^{* and **}
significant by the t test at 5 % and 1 %, respectively.