REPRESENTATIVITY OF THE GENUS ASPHONDYLIA LOEW, 1850 (DIPTERA, CECIDOMYIIDAE) IN BRAZIL

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMO

Representatividade do gênero Asphondylia Loew, 1850 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) no Brasil. Este gênero cosmopolita inclui 272 espécies galhadoras descritas, das quais cerca de 100 ocorrem na Região Neotropical. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a riqueza de Asphondylia no Brasil, fornecer uma lista atualizada das espécies de plantas hospedeiras, determinar os órgãos das plantas onde as galhas são induzidas, atualizar a distribuição geográfica do gênero, verificar sua distribuição nos biomas do Brasil e uma lista da fauna associada. Os dados da pesquisa foram realizados consultando a coleção de Cecidomyiidae do Museu Nacional/UFRJ, a base de dados “Web of Science”, utilizando as palavras Asphondylia e Brasil/Brazil, 51 inventários brasileiros e dois catálogos. Asphondylia é representada por 58 espécies no Brasil, entre elas, 20 são já conhecidas e 38 ainda são indeterminadas. As espécies descritas no Brasil representam 8% do total de espécies conhecidas de Asphondylia no mundo e 21% das espécies da fauna Neotropical. Este gênero está associado a 51 espécies de plantas e 20 famílias de plantas no Brasil. As Asteraceae hospedam a maior riqueza de espécies de Asphondylia. Este gênero foi encontrado em cinco biomas, entre eles a Mata Atlântica obteve a maior riqueza de espécies. A fauna associada compreende parasitóides (Hymenoptera) e inquilinos (Lepidoptera, Coleoptera e Diptera).

PALAVRAS-CHAVE:
Galhas; Interação inseto-planta; Distribuição geográfica; Planta hospedeira

Family	Host plants	Origin of host plants			Number of Asphondylia species
Family	Host plants	Endemic	Native	Exotic	Number of Asphondylia species
Apocynaceae	Oxypetalum banksii R.Br. ex Schult.	x			1
	Peplonia asteria (Vell.) Fontella & E.A. Schwarz	x			1
	Total				2
Araliaceae	Didymopanax morototoni (Aubl.) Decne. & Planch.		x		1
	Total				1
Asteraceae	Baccharis anomala DC.	x			1
	Baccharis conyzoides (Less.) DC.	x			1
	Baccharis concinna G.M. Barroso	x			1
	Baccharis dracunculifolia DC.		x		1
	Baccharis pseudomyriocephala Malag.	x			1
	Calea pinnatifida (R.Br.) Less.		x		1
	Calea serrata Less.	x			2
	Eremanthus polycephalus (DC.) MacLeish	x			1
	Gochnatia polymorpha (Less.) Cabrera		x		1
	Mikania glomerata Spreng.		x		2
	Mikania sp.1		x		1
	Mikania sp.2		x		1
	Mikania sp.3		x		1
	Mikania sp.4		x		1
	Pentacalia desiderabilis (Vell.) Cuatrec.	x			1
	Piptocarpha cf. cinerea (Sch. Bip.) Baker	x			1
	Piptocarpha notata (Less.) Baker	x			1
	Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass.		x		1
	Vernonia discolor (Spreng.) Less.		x		1
	Vernonia rufogrisea Saint-Hilaire		x		1
	Not determined				1
	Total				23
Bignoniaceae	Zeyheria montana Mart.	x			1
	Total				1
Boraginaceae	Varronia curassavica Jacq.		x		1
	Tournefortia membranacea (Gardner) DC.		x		1
	Tournefortia sp.		x		1
	Total				3
Burseraceae	Protium ovatum Engl.	x			1
	Total				1
Dilleniaceae	Davilla brasiliana DC.		x		1
	Total				1
Erythroxylaceae	Erythroxylum ovalifolium Peyr.	x			1
	Total				1
Euphorbiaceae	Croton sp.		x		1
	Total				1
Fabaceae	Andira fraxinifolia Benth.	x			1
	Bauhinia brevipes Vogel		x		1
	Bauhinia cheilantha (Bong.) Steud.		x		1
	Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb.			x	1
	Total				4
Lamiaceae	Hyptis sp.		x		1
	Total				1
Loranthaceae	Struthanthus maricensis Rizzini	x			1
	Struthanthus sp.		x		1
	Total				2
Myrtaceae	Eugenia bimarginata DC.		x		1
	Total				1
Olacaceae	Ximenia americana L.		x		1
	Total				1
Onagraceae	Jussiaea sp.		x		1
	Total				1
Rubiaceae	Borreria verticillata (L.) G. Mey.		x		1
	Psychotria carthagenensis Jacq.	x			1
	Psychotria vellosiana Benth.		x		1
	Not determined				1
	Not determined				1
	Total				5
Smilacaceae	Smilax sp.		x		1
	Total				1
Solanaceae	Aureliana fasciculata (Vell.) Sendtn.		x		1
	Solanum sp.1		x		1
	Solanum sp.2		x		1
	Solanum sp.3		x		1
	Total				4
Styracaceae	Styrax leprosus Hook. & Arn.		x		1
	Total				1
Verbenaceae	Lantana lilacina Desf.		x		1
	Total				1
	Not determined				1
	Not determined				1
	Total				2

Plant organ	Number of Asphondylia species	%
Leaves	14	24
Stems	13	22
Flower buds	6	11
Buds	4	7
Flower	3	5
Fruit	3	5
Inflorescence	2	3
Leaves and stem	1	2
No data	12	21

Asphondylia species	Host plant	Plant organ	Gall	Biome	State	Reference
Asphondylia bahiensis Tavares, 1917	Rubiaceae	Flower bud	Spherical and hairy	AF	BA	Tavares, 1917; Houard, 1933; Gagné, 1994, 2004.
Asphondylia borreriae Rübsaamen, 1905	Borreria verticillata	Inflorescence	Fusiform, green, glabrous and one-chambered	AF (restinga)	RJ	Gagné, 1994
Asphondylia canastrae Urso-Guimarães & Amorim, 2002	Hyptis sp.	Flower	Spherical	Cerrado	SP	Urso-Guimarães & Amorim, 2002; Gagné, 2004.
Asphondylia communis Maia & Couri, 1992	Ximenia americana	Stem	Ovoid, brown, glabrous and one-chambered	AF (restinga)	RJ	Maia et al., 1992; Maia, 2001; Gagné, 2004.
Asphondylia cfr. cordiae Möhn, 1959	Varronia curassavica	Inflorescence	Ovoid, green/yellow, hairy and one-chambered	AF (restinga)	RJ/SP	Gagné, 1994; Maia et al., 2008a.
Asphondylia fructicola Maia, 2009	Solanum sp.1	Fruit	Spherical and green	Amazonia	PA	Maia et al., 2009.
Asphondylia glomeratae Gagné, 2001	Mikania glomerata	Leaf	Fusiform, green and glabrous	AF (restinga)	SP/RJ	Gagné et al., 2001; Gagné, 2004.
Asphondylia gochnatiae Maia, 2008	Gochnatia polymorpha	Leaf	Spherical and yellow	Cerrado	MG	Gagné, 1994; Maia et al., 2008b.
Asphondylia maricensis Maia & Couri, 1992	Struthanthus maricensis	Leaf/Stem	Ovoid, green, glabrous and one-chambered	AF (restinga)	RJ	Maia et al., 1992; Gagné, 2004.
Asphondylia microcapillata Maia, 2005	Bauhinia brevipes	Leaf	Spherical and green	Cerrado	MG	Maia & Fernandes, 2005.
Asphondylia moehni Skuhravá, 1989	Mikania glomerata	Stem	Fusiform and one-chambered	AF/Pampa	RJ/RS/SP	Gagné, 1994
Asphondylia parva Tavares, 1917	Rubiaceae	Flower	Elliptic and green	AF	BA	Tavares, 1917; Gagné, 1994, 2004.
Asphondylia peploniae Maia, 2001	Oxypetalum banksii	Flower bud		AF (restinga)	RJ	Maia, 2001; Gagné, 2004.
	Peplonia asteria	Flower bud	Ovoid, green, glabrous and one-chambered	AF (restinga)	RJ
Asphondylia rochae Tavares, 1918	Jussiaea sp.	Stem	Elliptic	Caatinga	CE	Tavares, 1918; Houard, 1933; Gagné, 1994, 2004.
Asphondylia sanctipetri Urso-Guimarães & Amorim, 2002	Didymopanax morototoni	Leaf	Swollen and green	Cerrado	SP	Urso-Guimarães & Amorim, 2002.
Asphondylia sennae Maia & Couri, 1992	Senna bicapsularis	Flower	Spherical and yellow	AF (restinga)	RJ	Maia et al., 1992; Gagné, 2004.
Asphondylia serrata Maia, 2004	Emeranthus polycephalus	Leaf	Ovoid, yellow and glabrous	AF	MG	Maia, 2004; Maia & Fernandes, 2004.
Asphondylia struthanthi Rübsaamen, 1916	Struthanthus sp.	Fruit	Globose	Caatinga	CE	Rübsaamen, 1916; Gagné, 1994, 2004.
Asphondylia sulphurea Tavares, 1909	Smilax sp.	Leaf	Elliptic and green		RS	Tavares, 1909; Gagné, 1994, 2004.
Asphondylia ulei Rübsaamen, 1907	Mikania sp.1	Leaf	Spherical and green	AF	RJ	Rübsaamen, 1907; Gagné, 1994, 2004.
Asphondylia sp.1	Andira fraxinifolia	Leaf	Globose	AF (restinga)	SP	Maia et al., 2008a.
Asphondylia sp.2	Aureliana fasciculata	Stem	Fusiform	AF (restinga)	SP	Maia et al., 2008a.
Asphondylia sp.3	Baccharis anomala	Stem	Fusiform, green	Pampa		Mendonça et al., 2014.
Asphondylia sp.4	Baccharis conyzoides	Leaf	Black	AF (restinga)	SP	Maia et al., 2008a.
Asphondylia sp.5	Baccharis concinna			Cerrado	MG
Asphondylia sp.6	Baccharis dracunculifolia			Cerrado	MG
Asphondylia sp.7	Baccharis pseudomyriocephala			Cerrado	MG
Asphondylia sp.8	Bauhinia cheilantha			Caatinga	SE
Asphondylia sp.9	Calea pinnatifida	Stem	Spherical	AF	RS	Mendonça et al., 2014.
Asphondylia sp.10	Calea serrata	Stem	Drop-shaped, green	Pampa	RS	Mendonça et al., 2014.
Asphondylia sp.11	Calea serrata	Stem	Fusiform, green	Pampa		Mendonça et al., 2014.
Asphondylia sp.12	Croton sp.	Bud		AF (restinga)	SP
Asphondylia sp.13	Davilla brasiliana	Bud	Rosette	AF	MG	Maia & Fernandes, 2004.
Asphondylia sp.14	Erythroxylum ovalifolium	Flower bud	Ovoid, green, glabrous and one-chambered	AF (restinga)	RJ	Maia, 2001.
Asphondylia sp.15	Eugenia bimarginata	Leaf	Cylindrical, cream and one-chambered	Cerrado	SP	Urso-Guimarães & Scareli-Santos, 2006.
Asphondylia sp.16	Lantana lilacina	Leaf	Globose, green, hairy, one-chambered	AF (restinga)	RJ	Rodrigues et al., 2014.
Asphondylia sp.17	Mikania sp.2	Bud		AF	ES	Maia et al., 2014.
Asphondylia sp.18	Mikania sp.3			AF	ES	Maia et al., 2014.
Asphondylia sp.19	Mikania sp.4	Stem	Fusiform	AF	ES	Maia et al., 2014.
Asphondylia sp.20	Pentacalia desiderabilis	Bud	Conical and green	AF	RS
Asphondylia sp.21	Piptocarpha cf. cinerea	Leaf	Globose	AF (restinga)	SP	Maia et al., 2008a.
Asphondylia sp.22	Piptocarpha cf. cinerea	Stem	Fusiform	AF (restinga)	SP	Maia et al., 2008a.
Asphondylia sp.23	Piptocarpha notata			AF	RS
Asphondylia sp.24	Porophyllum ruderale	Flower bud		AF	RJ	Pamplona et al., 2000.
Asphondylia sp.25	Protium ovatum			Cerrado	MG
Asphondylia sp.26	Psychotria carthagenensis	Bud	Aggregate	AF	ES/SP	Maia et al., 2014.
Asphondylia sp.27	Psychotria vellosiana	Leaf	Globose	AF	ES	Maia et al., 2014.
Asphondylia sp.28	Solanum sp.2		Globose and hairy	AF	MG	Maia, 2013a.
Asphondylia sp.29	Solanum sp.3	Stem	Amorphous	AF	RS
Asphondylia sp.30	Styrax leprosus			Pampa	RS
Asphondylia sp.31	Tournefortia membranacea	Flower bud	Globose, green and glabrous	AF	RJ	Maia & Souza, 2013.
Asphondylia sp.32	Vernonia discolor	Stem	Spherical	AF	RS
Asphondylia sp.33	Vernonia rufogrisea	Stem	Globose, yellow, glabrous and multi-chambered	AF (restinga)	RJ	Rodrigues et al., 2014.
Asphondylia sp.34	Zeyheria montana			Cerrado	MG
Asphondylia sp.35	Asteraceae		Globose	AF	MG	Maia, 2013a.
Asphondylia sp.36	Tournefortia sp.	Fruit	Globose, green, glabrous and multi-chambered	AF (restinga)	RJ	Rodrigues et al., 2014.
Asphondylia sp.37	No data		Globose	AF	ES
Asphondylia sp.38	No data	Leaf	Fusiform	AF	ES

Host plant species	Distribution in Brazil	Galling species distribution
Andira fraxinifolia	AL, BA, CE, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE, DF, GO, MS, ES, MG, RJ, SP, PR, SC and RS	SP, ES
Aureliana fasciculata	AC, PA, AL, BA, PE, ES, MG, RJ, SP, PR, SC and RS	SP
Baccharis anomala	MG, SP, PR, SC and RS	RS
Baccharis concinna	MG	MG
Baccharis conyzoides	All states	SP
Baccharis dracunculifolia	Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Pampa	MG
Baccharis pseudomyriocephala	MG, RJ, SP and PR	MG
Bauhinia brevipes	All states	MG
Bauhinia cheilantha	AL, BA, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, RN, SE, MS, MT, MG and SP	SE
Borreria verticillata	All states	RJ
Calea pinnatifida	DF, ES, MG, RJ, SP, PR, SC and RS	RS
Calea serrata	DF, MG and SP	RS
Davilla brasiliana	PA, BA, MG, RJ, SP, PR, SC and RS	MG
Didymopanax morototoni	All states less SC and RS	SP
Emeranthus polycephalus	DF, GO, ES, MG, RJ and SP	MG
Erythroxylum ovalifolium	RJ	RJ
Eugenia bimarginata	BA, GO, MS, MT, MG, SP and PR	SP
Gochnatia polymorpha	BA, GO, MS, MG, RJ, SP, PR, SC and RS	MG
Lantana lilacina	AL, BA, CE, MA, PB, PE, PI, GO, MS, SC and RS	RJ
Mikania glomerata	BA, ES, MG, RJ, SP, PR, SC and RS	SP, RJ, RS
Oxypetalum banksii	BA, SE, ES, MG, RJ, SP, PR, SC and RS	RJ
Pentacalia desiderabilis	BA, ES, MG, RJ, SP, PR, SC and RS	RS
Peplonia asteria	BA, ES and RJ	RJ
Piptocarpha cf. cinerea	ES, MG, RJ and SP	SP
Piptocarpha notata	ES, MG, RJ and SP	RS
Porophyllum ruderale	AC, AM, AP, PA, RO, BA, CE, PE, RN, DF, GO, MS, MT, ES, MG, RJ, SP, PR, SC and RS	RJ
Protium ovatum	RO, TO, BA, DF, GO, MT, MG and SP	MG
Psychotria carthagenensis	All states less RN	ES, SP
Psychotria vellosiana	BA, PE, DF, GO, ES, MG, RJ, SP, PR and SC	ES
Senna bicapsularis	Exotic	RJ
Struthanthus maricensis	RJ	RJ
Styrax leprosus	MG, RJ, SP, PR, SC and RS	RS
Tournefortia membranacea	BA, CE, PE, ES, MG, RJ, SP, PR, SC and RS	RJ
Varronia curassavica	AM, AP, PA, TO, AL, BA, CE, PB, PE, PI, SE, GO, MS, MG, RJ, SP, PR, SC and RS
	RJ, SP
Vernonia discolor	BA, DF, ES, MG, RJ, SP, PR, SC and RS	RS
Vernonia rufogrisea	BA, DF, GO, MT and MG	RJ
Ximenia americana	All states less AM, RR, AP and RS	RJ
Zeyheria montana	PA, TO, BA, MA, PI, DF, GO, MS, MT, MG, SP and PR	MG

Asphondylia species	Life cycle stages
	Larva	Pupa	Adult
	Larva	Pupa	Male	Female
Asphondylia bahiensis		x	x	x
A. borreriae	x			x
A. canastrae	x	x	x	x
A. communis	x		x
A. cordiae		x		x
A. fructicola			x
A. glomeratae		x	x	x
A. gochnatiae			x
A. maricensis	x		x	x
A. microcapillata			x
A. moehni	x	x	x	x
A. parva		x	x	x
A. peploniae	x	x	x	x
A. rochae		x	x	x
A. sanctipetri	x	x	x	x
A. sennae				x
A. serrata			x
A. struthanthi			x
A. sulphurea			x
A. ulei	x

Galling species	Associated fauna
Galling species	Parasitoid	Inquiline
Asphondylia cfr. cordiae	Hymenoptera
A. moehni	Eurytomidae
A. serrata	Hymenoptera	Diptera: Tephritidae
Asphondylia sp.1		Coleoptera: Curculionidae
Asphondylia sp.13	Hymenoptera
Asphondylia sp.16	Hymenoptera
Asphondylia sp.22	Eurytomidae, Braconidae and Pteromalidae	Lepidoptera and Coleoptera: Curculionidae
Asphondylia sp.24		Diptera: Tephritidae (Trypanea sp.)
Asphondylia sp.31	Hymenoptera
Asphondylia sp.33	Hymenoptera	Diptera: Sciaridae and Cecidomyiidae (Resseliella sp.)
Asphondylia sp.36	Hymenoptera

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[TFN1] AC: Acre; AM: Amazonas; AP: Amapá; MA: Maranhão; AL: Alagoas; BA: Bahia; CE: Ceará; PB: Paraíba; TO: Tocantins; PA: Pará; RO: Roraima; PE: Pernambuco; PI: Piauí; RN: Rio Grande do Norte; SE: Sergipe; DF: Distrito Federal; GO: Goiás; MT: Mato Grosso; MS: Mato Grosso do Sul; ES: Espirito Santo; MG: Minas Gerais; RJ: Rio de Janeiro; SP: São Paulo; PR: Paraná; SC: Santa Catarina and RS: Rio Grande do Sul.