Disparities in Caries Experience and Socio-Behavioural Risk Indicators Among Private School Children in Lagos, Nigeria

Olatosi, Olubukola Olamide; Oyapero, Afolabi; Onyejaka, Nneka Kate

doi:10.1590/pboci.2020.102

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Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Pesqui. Bras. Odontopediatria Clín. Integr. 20 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/pboci.2020.102 copy

Disparities in Caries Experience and Socio-Behavioural Risk Indicators Among Private School Children in Lagos, Nigeria

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Objective:

To determine the prevalence and socio-behavioural risk factors for dental caries among children at selected LGAs in Lagos State.

Material and Methods:

This was a descriptive study of 592 school children in four Local Government Areas of Lagos, Nigeria. The presence of caries was recorded using the World Health Organization criteria. Descriptive statistics were reported for analysis of comparative DMFT and SiC scores in relation to age, gender, and other socio-demographic variables. Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the differential impact of the variables on the probability of being in the high caries prevalence group.

Results:

The prevalence of dental caries was 16.0% with mean dmft for age 6 being 1.3 ± 1.57 while the mean DMFT for age 12 was 0.15 ± 0.67. The mean Sic for age 6 was 1.5 ± 0.53 while the mean SiC for age 12 was 1.09 ± 0.29. The mean SiC values was significantly higher in the primary and permanent dentition among those who had never visited the dentist, female students, those who don’t use fluoridated toothpaste and those who eat sweets and candy several times a day. After logistic regression analysis, those with no previous dental visit (OR=3.05; CI: 1.72-4.67) and females (OR=1.55; CI: 1.16-1.62) still had significantly higher SiC Values.

Conclusion:

The prevalence of caries was low in the study population. Being female, non-use of fluoride-containing toothpaste and not visiting the dentist were significant predictors of dental caries among children attending private schools.

Keywords:
Dental Caries; DMF Index; Prevalence; Dental Health Surveys; Risk Assessment

Author	Year	Private School	Public School	Location	Age Group
Alakija ^[²¹[21] Alakija W. Dental caries in primary school children in Benin City, Nigeria. J Trop Pediatr 1983; 29(6):317-9. https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/29.6.317 https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/29.6.317... ^]	1983	66.8%	14%	Urban, Benin	5-14 Years
Ojofeitimi et al. ^[²²[22] Ojofeitimi EO, Hollist NO, Banjo T, Adu TA. Effect of cariogenic food exposure on prevalence of dental caries among fee and non-fee paying Nigerian school children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1984; 12(4):274-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1984.tb01454.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1984... ^]	1984	48%	24%	Semi-urban Ife-Ife	8-15 Years
Adenubi ^[²³[23] Adenubi JO. Caries experience of 8-year-old Nigerian schoolchildren. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1984; 12(5):343-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1984.tb01467.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1984... ^]	1884	54%	41.7%	Urban, Lagos	8 Years
Sho-Silva ^[²⁰[20] Sho-Silva VE. Pattern of caries in children age 3-10 years: a study of the private and public school children in Surulere Local Government Area. [Dissertation]. Faculty of Surgery: National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria; 2004.^]	2004	25.5%	22.4%	Urban, Lagos	3-10 Years
Sofola et al. ^[¹⁶[16] Sofola OO, Jeboda SO, Shaba OP. Dental caries status of primary school children aged 4-16 years in southwestern, Nigeria. Odontostomatol Trop 2004; 27(108):19-22.^]	2004	21%	8.1%	Urban and rural Lagos	4-16 Years
Adekoya-Sofowora et al. ^[¹⁴[14] Adekoya-Sofowora CA, Nasir WO, Oginni AO, Taiwo M. Dental caries in 12-year-old suburban nigerian school children. Afr Health Sci 2006; 6(3):145-50. https://doi.org/10.5555/afhs.2006.6.3.145 https://doi.org/10.5555/afhs.2006.6.3.14... ^]	2006	57.8%	19.3%	Sub-urban Ile-Ife	12 Years
Nnawuihe and Okeigbemen ^[²⁴[24] Nnawuihe UC, Okkeigbemen SA. An assessement of dental caries and periodontal disease burden in selected primary and secondary school children in Edo state, Southern-Nigeria. Nig J Dent Res 2016; 1(1-2):28-33.^]	2016	23.7%	15.3%	Urban and Rural Edo	4-21 Years
Adeniyi et al. ^[²⁵[25] Adeniyi AA, Oyapero OA, Ekekezie OO, Braimoh MO. Dental caries and nutritional status of school children in Lagos, Nigeria - a preliminary survey. J West Afr Coll Surg 2016; 6(3):15-38.^]	2016	17.6%	23.6%	Urban, Lagos	5-10 Years
Soroye and Braimoh ^[¹⁷[17] Soroye MO, Braimoh OB. Oral health status of children in government and private secondary schools in Lagos state, Nigeria. Niger J Dent Res. 2016; 1(1-2):34-40.^]	2016	8.7%	10.7%	Urban, Lagos	11-20 Years
Kalejaiye ^[²⁶[26] . Kalejaiye HA, Adeyemi MF, Akinshipo A, Sulaiman AO, Braimah RO, Ibikunle AA, et al. Prevalence of dental caries and pattern of sugar consumption among junior secondary school students in Northcentral Nigeria. Niger J Exp Clin Biosci 2016; 4:13-8. https://doi.org/10.4103/njecp.njecp_19_16 https://doi.org/10.4103/njecp.njecp_19_1... ^]	2016	20.4%	38.5%	Urban, Ilorin	12 Years
Eigbobo and Alade ^[²⁷[27] Eigbobo JO, Alade G. Dental caries experience in primary school pupils in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Sahel Med J 2017; 20:179-86. https://doi.org/10.4103/smj.smj_70_15 https://doi.org/10.4103/smj.smj_70_15... ^]	2017	10.2%	15%	Urban, Port Harcourt	3-12 Years
Adeniyi and Odusanya ^[²⁸[28] Adeniyi AA, Odusanya OO. Self-reported dental pain and dental caries among 8-12-year-old school children: an exploratory survey in Lagos, Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J 2017; 24(1): 37-43. https://doi.org/10.4103/npmj.npmj_7_17 https://doi.org/10.4103/npmj.npmj_7_17... ^]	2017	20.6%	21.3%	Urban, Lagos	8-12 Years

Variables	Frequency
	N (%)
Sex
Male	307 (51.9)
Female	285 (48.1)
Age (Years)
5-11	367 (62.0)
>11	225 (38.0)
Education of Mother
No Formal	6 (1.0)
Primary	32 (5.4)
Secondary	203 (34.3)
Tertiary	351 (59.3)
Ethnicity
Hausa	4 (0.7)
Igbo	124 (20.9)
Others	54 (9.1)
Yoruba	410 (69.3)
Previous Dental Visit
Yes	321 (54.2)
No	271 (45.8)
Caries
Yes	95 (16.0)
No	497 (84.0)
Total	592 (100.0)

	Dental Caries			dmft	DMFT
Variables	No	Yes	p-value	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	p-value
	N (%)	N (%)
Overall Mean				1.3 ±1.57	0.15 ± 0.67
Gender
Male	267 (87.0)	40 (13.0)	0.038^* * Statistically significant.	0.90 ± 3.01	0.11 ± 0.43	0.958
Female	230 (80.7)	55 (19.3)		0.76 ± 2.35	0.16 ± 0.55
Age (Years)
5-11	300 (81.7)	67 (18.3)	0.061	0.83 ± 2.70		<0.001^* * Statistically significant.
>11	197 (87.6)	28 (12.4)			0.13 ± 0.49
Ethnicity
Hausa	3 (75.0)	1 (25.0)	0.960	0.33 ± 0.57	-	0.997
Igbo	105 (84.7)	19 (15.3)		0.74 ± 2.40	0.13 ± 0.55
Others	45 (83.3)	9 (16.7)		0.83 ± 2.70	0.13 ± 0.49
Yoruba	344 (83.9)	66 (16.1)		0.84 ± 2.82	0.11 ± 0.42
Mother's Level of Education
No Formal	5 (83.3)	1 (16.7)	0.492	0.25 ± 0.50	-	0.381
Primary	28 (87.5)	4 (12.5)		1.00 ± 1.73	0.05 ± 0.23
Secondary	164 (80.8)	39 (19.2)		1.05 ± 2.06	0.05 ± 0.24
Tertiary	300 (85.5)	51 (14.5)		0.65 ± 2.23	0.14 ± 0.53
Total	497 (84.0)	95 (16.0)

	Dental Caries			dmft	DMFT
Variables	No	Yes	p-value	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	p-value
	N (%)	N (%)
Previous Dental Visit
Yes	277 (86.3)	44 (13.7)	0.091	0.66 ± 2.64	0.06 ± 0.34	0.903
No	220 (81.2)	51 (18.8)		1.37 ± 3.65	0.81 ± 2.67
Frequency of Cleaning Teeth
Not Everyday	50 (87.7)	7 (12.3)	0.696	1.27 ± 3.87	0.21 ± 0.69	0.903
Once a Day	235 (83.9)	45 (16.1)		0.50 ± 1.09	0.30 ± 0.87
2 or More per Day	212 (83.1)	43 (16.9)		0.60 ± 1.34	0.27 ± 0.97
Fluoride
Yes	348 (84.1)	66 (15.9)	0.039	0.73 ± 2.39	0.15 ± 0.53
No	137 (77.0)	41 (23.0)		1.25 ± 3.68	0.11 ± 0.43
Cigarette
Never	496 (84.1)	94 (15.9)	0.295	0.47 ± 2.70	0.13 ± 0.47	0.999
Yes	1 (50.0)	1 (50.0)		0.83 ±2.70	0.14 ± 0.49
Sugar Snacks
Never	30 (85.7)	5 (14.3)	0.770	0.38 ± 0.96	0.06 ± 0.24
Yes	467 (83.8)	90 (16.2)		1.81 ± 4.51	0.17 ± 0.57
Sugar Drinks
Never	53 (86.9)	8 (13.1)	0.510	0.31 ± 0.84	0.13 ± 0.43
Yes	444 (83.6)	87 (16.4)		1.61 ± 4.02	0.17 ± 0.48

Variables	N (%)	Multivariate Adjusted OR	95% CI	p-value
Gender
Male	307 (51.9)	1.00
Female	285 (48.1)	1.57	1.005-2.452	0.047^* * Statistically significant.
Age (Years)
6-11	367 (62.0)	1.00
>11	225 (38.0)	0.66	0.406-1.058	0.084
Previous Dental Visit
Yes	321 (54.2)	1.00
No	271 (45.8)	1.40	0.898-2.182	0.138
Fluoride
Yes	414 (69.9)	1.00
No	178 (30.1)	1.58	1.019-2.443	0.041^* * Statistically significant.

Variables	Sic dmft	SIC DMFT	F	p-value
Overall Mean	1.17 ± 0.37	1.13 ± 0.28	3.506	<0.001^* * Statistically significant.
Dental Visit - Never	1.24 ± 0.43	1.17 ± 0.38	3.688	0.003^* * Statistically significant.
Gender - Male	1.13 ± 0.34	1.08 ± 0.27	1.34	0.026^* * Statistically significant.
Female	1.21 ± 0.41	1.09 ± 0.29
Fluoridated Toothpaste	1.25 ± 0.52	1.14± 0.41	0.859	0.049^* * Statistically significant.
Sweets and Candy - Several Times a Day	1.22 ± 0.42	1.27 ± 0.53	2.776	0.011^* * Statistically significant.
Regression		OR	CI
Dental Visit - Never		3.05	1.72-4.67	0.014^* * Statistically significant.
Gender - Female		1.55	1.16-1.62	<0.001^* * Statistically significant.

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[1] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr Olatosi Olubukola O., Department of Child Dental Health, Faculty of Dental Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Nigeria. Phone: 234-8071671410. E-mail: bukkyolatosi@gmail.com.