Cephalometric for Orthognathic Surgery (COGS) Analysis for Saudi Population

500 adult Saudi samples (250 males and 250 females) with the age range of 18-30 years old were selected for this study. The selections of samples were based on a normal occlusal relationship, no history of facial trauma and no previous orthodontic treatment. Lateral Ceph. radiographs were tracing by CASSOS software and analyzed by SPSS software according to COGS analysis.

Results:

Signiﬁcant differences were showed between the Saudi males and females on most of the Ceph. parameters. The Saudi males had a convex facial profile with chin prominent and more bimaxillary protrusion, upper and lower lip protrusion than the Saudi females.

Conclusion:

This study evaluated the craniofacial morphological difference between the male and the female population in Saudi Arabia by using COGS analysis. The finding of this study will help for better diagnosis of orthodontic and orthognathic surgical treatment planning and identify the morphological facial characteristics of Saudi patients.

Keywords:
Orthodontics; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; Cephalometry

Landmark	Description
Cranial Base
1.Posterior cranial base (Ar–Ptm)	Distance between Ar to Ptm.
2.Anterior cranial base (Ptm–N)	Distance between Ptm to N.
Horizontal Skeletal Lines
3.Facial convexity (N–A–Pog)	Angle between N–A and A–Pog
4.Maxillary protrusion (N–A)	Distance between point A to Nasion.
5.Mandibular protrusion (N–B)	Distance between point B to Nasion.
6.Chin protrusion (N–Pog)	Distance between pogonion to Nasion.
Vertical Skeletal and Dental Lines and Angles
7.Upper anterior facial height (N–ANS)	Distance between Nasion to ANS.
8.Lower anterior facial height (ANS–Gn)	Distance between ANS and Gn.
9.Upper posterior facial height (PNS–N)	Distance between PNS and HP.
10.Mandibular plane angle (MP–HP)	Angle formed between Go–Gn line and HP.
11.Upper anterior dental height (U1–NF)	Perpendicular line from the incisal edge of upper incisor to NF
12.Lower anterior dental height (L1–MP)	Perpendicular line from the incisal edge of lower incisor to MP.
13.Lower posterior dental height(L6-MP)	Perpendicular line from the mesiobuccal cusp tip of lower first molar to MP.
Maxilla and Mandible
14.Maxillary length (PNS-ANS)	Distance from PNS to ANS, parallel to HP.
15.Mandibular ramus length (Ar-Go)	Line from Ar to Go.
16.Gonial angle (Ar-Go-GN)	Angle between ramus length and MP.
17.Mandibular body length (Go-Pog)	Distance from Go to Pog.
18.Chin depth(B-Pog)	Distance between point B and MP through Pog.
Dental
19.Occlusal plane angle (OP-HP)	Angle from OP and HP
20.UOP-HP	Maxillary OP perpendicular to HP
21.LOP-HP	Mandibular OP perpendicular to HP
22.A-B(//OP)	Two perpendicular lines from points A and B to OP.
23.Upper incisor inclination(U1-NF)	Angle between the U1 edge through the tip of the root to NF
24.Lower incisor inclination(L1-MP)	Angle between the L1 edge through the tip of the root to MP.
Facial Form
25.Facial convexity(G-SN-Pg)	An angle between the lines from glabella to subnasal and subnasal to soft tissue pogonion.
26.MX-Prognathism(G-SN)	A line perpendicular to horizontal plane from glabella to subnasal.
27.MD-Prognathism(G-Pg)	A line perpendicular to horizontal plane from glabella to pogonion.
28.Vertical height ratio(G-Sn/Sn-Me)	Distance from G-Sn and Sn-Me. All are perpendicular to HP
29.L face ht- depth ratio	Ratio between G-Sn and Sn-Me’ perpendicular to HP.
30.L face-Throat angle	Ratio between Sn-Gn and C-Gn.
Lip Position and Form
31.Naso-labial angle	Angle between columella -Sn and Sn-Ls.
32.U-lip protrusion	Distance between Ls and Sn-Pg’ line.
33.L-lip protrusion	Distance between Li and Sn-Pg’ line.
34.Mento labial sulcus	Perpendicular distance between deepest point on the mentolabial sulcus to Li-Pg’.
35.Vertical lip- chin ratio	Ratio between Sn-Stms and Stomion inferius-Me’.
36.U1 exposure	Distance between tip of the U1and Stms.
37.Inter labial gap	Distance between Stms and Stmi

Variables	Gender	Mean	SD	SE	95% CI		p-value
					Lower	Upper
Posterior cranial base (mm)	M	33.921	3.933	0.248	1.060	2.419	0.000^***
Posterior cranial base (mm)	F	32.181	3.924	0.241	1.060	2.419
Anterior cranial base (mm)	M	51.002	4.757	0.300	1.170	2.676	0.000^***
Anterior cranial base (mm)	F	49.079	3.934	0.242	1.167	2.679
Facial convexity (º)	M	6.694	7.081	0.446	-1.746	0.530	0.294
Facial convexity (º)	F	7.302	6.074	0.373	-1.751	0.534
Maxillary protrusion (mm)	M	-0.504	4.695	0.296	-0.268	1.307	0.196
Maxillary protrusion (mm)	F	-1.023	4.423	0.272	-0.270	1.308
N-B (mm)	M	-5.504	7.826	0.493	-0.019	2.556	0.053^*
N-B (mm)	F	-6.773	7.070	0.434	-0.022	2.560
N-Pog (mm)	M	-7.359	9.488	0.598	-0.516	2.646	0.186
N-Pog (mm)	F	-8.424	8.805	0.541	-0.519	2.649
N-ANS (mm)	M	51.124	5.267	0.332	0.422	2.067	0.003^**
N-ANS (mm)	F	49.880	4.216	0.259	0.417	2.071
ANS-Gn (mm)	M	67.661	7.440	0.469	3.548	5.815	0.000^***
ANS-Gn (mm)	F	62.980	5.595	0.344	3.539	5.824
PNS-N (mm)	M	50.912	4.548	0.286	1.747	3.133	0.000^***
PNS-N (mm)	F	48.473	3.416	0.210	1.742	3.138
MP-HP (º)	M	28.257	7.530	0.474	-1.803	0.757	0.423
MP-HP (º)	F	28.780	7.283	0.447	-1.804	0.758
U1-NF (mm)	M	28.234	3.815	0.240	0.879	2.101	0.000^***
U1-NF (mm)	F	26.744	3.245	0.199	0.877	2.103
L1-MP (mm)	M	43.520	4.746	0.299	2.287	3.714	0.000^***
L1-MP (mm)	F	40.520	3.434	0.211	2.282	3.720
L6-MP (mm)	M	24.087	3.139	0.198	1.072	2.053	0.000^***
L6-MP (mm)	F	22.525	2.517	0.155	1.069	2.056
PNS-ANS (mm)	M	33.386	4.204	0.265	1.807	3.089	0.000^***
PNS-ANS (mm)	F	30.938	3.165	0.194	1.803	3.094
Ar-Go (mm)	M	54.139	5.714	0.360	1.234	2.928	0.000^***
Ar-Go (mm)	F	52.058	3.976	0.244	1.226	2.936
Go-Pog (mm)	M	74.102	7.923	0.499	1.584	3.958	0.000^***
Go-Pog (mm)	F	71.331	5.688	0.349	1.574	3.968
B-Pog (mm)	M	7.118	2.414	0.152	-0.007	0.751	0.054^*
B-Pog (mm)	F	6.746	1.958	0.120	-0.009	0.753
Ar-Go-Me (º)	M	126.570	7.513	0.473	-0.646	1.972	0.320
Ar-Go-Me (º)	F	125.907	7.630	0.469	-0.646	1.972
OP-HP (º)	M	7.015	4.850	0.306	-2.297	-0.609	0.001^***
OP-HP (º)	F	8.468	4.915	0.302	-2.297	-0.609
UOP-HP (º)	M	5.123	5.094	0.321	-2.490	-0.729	0.000^***
UOP-HP (º)	F	6.732	5.094	0.313	-2.490	-0.729
LOP-HP (º)	M	9.062	6.185	0.390	-2.380	-0.277	0.013^**
LOP-HP (º)	F	10.390	5.984	0.368	-2.381	-0.276
A-B (mm)	M	0.487	3.802	0.240	-0.765	0.478	0.651
A-B (mm)	F	0.631	3.387	0.208	-0.767	0.480
U1-NF (º)	M	46.989	6.738	0.424	2.333	4.532	0.000^***
U1-NF (º)	F	43.557	5.977	0.367	2.330	4.535
L1-MP (º)	M	74.102	7.923	0.499	1.584	3.958	0.000^***
L1-MP (º)	F	71.331	5.688	0.349	1.574	3.968
Facial Convexity (º)	M	7.118	2.414	0.152	-0.007	0.751	0.054^*
Facial Convexity (º)	F	6.746	1.958	0.120	-0.009	0.753
MX-prognathism G-Sn (mm)	M	126.570	7.513	0.473	-0.646	1.972	0.320
MX-prognathism G-Sn (mm)	F	125.907	7.630	0.469	-0.646	1.972
MD-Prognathism G-Pg (mm)	M	7.015	4.850	0.306	-2.297	-0.609	0.001^***
MD-Prognathism G-Pg (mm)	F	8.468	4.915	0.302	-2.297	-0.609
Vertical height Ratio	M	5.123	5.094	0.321	-2.490	-0.729	0.000^***
Vertical height Ratio	F	6.732	5.094	0.313	-2.490	-0.729
L Face–Throat Angle (º)	M	9.062	6.185	0.390	-2.380	-0.277	0.013^**
L Face–Throat Angle (º)	F	10.390	5.984	0.368	-2.381	-0.276
L Face ht- depth ratio	M	0.487	3.802	0.240	-0.765	0.478	0.651
L Face ht- depth ratio	F	0.631	3.387	0.208	-0.767	0.480
Naso-labial Angle (º)	M	119.011	6.607	0.416	-2.033	0.255	0.127
Naso-labial Angle (º)	F	119.900	6.629	0.407	-2.033	0.255
U-lip Protrusion (mm)	M	96.570	7.842	0.494	-2.307	0.386	0.162
U-lip Protrusion (mm)	F	97.531	7.738	0.475	-2.308	0.386
L-Lip Protrusion (mm)	M	21.182	7.611	0.479	-0.755	1.692	0.452
L-Lip Protrusion (mm)	F	20.714	6.529	0.401	-0.760	1.696
Mentolabial Sulcus (mm)	M	8.601	5.413	0.341	0.386	2.167	0.005**
Mentolabial Sulcus (mm)	F	7.325	4.889	0.300	0.384	2.169
Vertical lip-chin Ratio	M	-6.766	10.497	0.661	-0.929	2.576	0.356
Vertical lip-chin Ratio	F	-7.589	9.783	0.601	-0.932	2.579
U1 Exposure (mm)	M	96.710	12.457	0.785	-8.562	-4.469	0.000***
U1 Exposure (mm)	F	103.225	11.220	0.689	-8.567	-4.463
Interlabial Gap (mm)	M	105.380	10.928	0.688	0.284	3.947	0.024*
Interlabial Gap (mm)	F	103.265	10.270	0.631	0.281	3.950

Associação de Apoio à Pesquisa em Saúde Bucal Avenida Epitácio Pessoa, 4161 - Sala 06, Miramar, CEP: 58020-388, João Pessoa, PB - Brasil, Tel.: 55-83-98773 2150 - João Pessoa - PB - Brazil
E-mail: apesb@terra.com.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS

[1] Correspondence: Dr. Mohammad Khursheed Alam, Associate Professor, OrthodonticDivision, HEAD, Preventive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia.E-mail: dralam@gmail.com