Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis in Saudi Arabia: A Meta-Analysis

Alshammary, Freah; Siddiqui, Ammar Ahmed; Al-Enizy, Abdulmjeed Sadoon; Almalaq, Saleh Ali Saleh; Amin, Junaid; Rathore, Hassaan Anwer; Alshammary, Fatma Ayyad; Alam, Mohammad Khursheed

doi:10.1590/pboci.2020.164

Freah Alshammary

Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1850-9273

Ammar Ahmed Siddiqui Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: Ammar Ahmed Siddiqui, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: ammarqta2002@hotmail.com

Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8816-6421

Abdulmjeed Sadoon Al-Enizy

College of Dentistry, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3603-9332

Saleh Ali Saleh Almalaq

Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8036-1417

Junaid Amin

College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4343-2255

Hassaan Anwer Rathore

College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1154-9395

Fatma Ayyad Alshammary

College of Dentistry, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1798-5876

Mohammad Khursheed Alam

Orthodontic Department, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7131-1752

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: Ammar Ahmed Siddiqui, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: ammarqta2002@hotmail.com

Academic Editor: Alessandro Leite Cavalcanti

Authors’ Contributions

ASF Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft Preparation and Writing – Review and Editing.

SAA Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft Preparation and Writing

ESA Methodology, Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft Preparation and Writing – Review and Editing.

ASAS Writing – Original Draft Preparation and Writing – Review and Editing.

AJ Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft Preparation and Writing – Review and Editing.

RHA Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft Preparation and Writing – Review and Editing.

SF Writing – Original Draft Preparation and Writing – Review and Editing.

MKA Formal Analysis, Writing – Original Draft Preparation and Writing – Review and Editing.

All authors declare that they contributed to critical review of intellectual content and approval of the final version to be published.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Authors	Year	Age Group (Years)	Region	Index	Sample Size (n)	Prevalence of DT (n)
Akpata et al. [⁸[8] Akpata ES, Fakiha Z, Khan N. Dental fluorosis in 12-15-year-old rural children exposed to fluorides from well drinking water in the Hail region of Saudi Arabia. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997; 25(4):324-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1997.tb00947.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1997... ]	1997	12-15	Hail	TFI	2,355	2,135
Al-Shammery et al. [⁹[9] Al-Shammery AR, Guile EE, El Backly M. The prevalence of dental fluorosis in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Dental Journal 1997; 9(2):58-61.]	1997	6-7, 12-13, 15-74	Multiple Regions^# # Eastern Province, Al-Qassim, Hail, Tabouk, Najran, Al Baha, Gizan, Makkah, Al-Madinah and Asir; DF: Dental Fluorosis; DI: Dean Index; NIM: No Index Mentioned; TFI: Thylstrup-Fejerskov Index; CFI: The Community Fluorosis Index.	DI	7,377	1,815
Almas et al. [¹⁰[10] Almas K, Shakir ZF, Afzal M. Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in Al-Qaseem province - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Odontostomatol Trop 1999; 22(85):44-7.]	1999	12,15, 35-44, >65	Al-Qaseem	DI	800	339
Al-Banyan et al. [¹¹[11] Al-Banyan RA, Echeverri EA, Narendran S, Keene HJ. Oral health survey of 5-12-year-old children of National Guard employees in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Int J Paediatr Dent 2000; 10(1):39-45. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-263x.2000.00166.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-263x.2000... ]	2000	5-12	Riyadh	CFI	272	38
Khan et al. [¹²[12] Khan N, Al-Zarea B, Al-Mansour MJSDJ. Dental caries, hygiene, fluorosis and oral health knowledge of primary school teachers of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Dent J 2001; 13(3):128-32.]	2001	24-44	Riyadh	DI	297	224
Bhayat et al. [¹³[13] Bhayat A, Ahmad MS. Oral health status of 12-year-old male schoolchildren in Medina, Saudi Arabia. Eastern Mediterr Health J 2014; 20(11):732-7. ]	2014	12	Al-Madinah	DI	360	0
Khan et al. [¹⁴[14] Khan SQ, Moheet IA, Farooq I, Farooqi FA, ArRejaie AS, Al Abbad MHA, et al. Prevalence of dental fluorosis in school going children of Dammam, Saudi Arabia. J Dent Allied Sci 2015; 4(2):69-72. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-4696.171516 https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-4696.171516... ]	2014	6-12	Dammam	DI	496	164
Alhobeira et al. [¹⁵[15] Alhobeira HA, Siddiqui AA, Mian RI. Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in Hail, Saudi Arabia. J Int Oral Health 2015; 7(12):1-4.]	2015	10-20, 20-30, 30-40, >40	Hail	DI	253	186
Alanazi et al. [¹⁶[16] Alanazi AH, Alsaab FA, Alatallah SS, Alfahaid SF, Alharbi AS, Almutairi BS, et al. Fluoride level in drinking water and prevalence of dental fluorosis and dental caries among the school children: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Asian Pac J Health Sci 2017; 4(4):155-9. https://doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2017.4.4.35 https://doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2017.4.4.... ]	2017	7-15	Riyadh	NIM	157	39
Elsherbini et al. [¹⁷[17] Elsherbini MS, Alsughier Z, Elmoazen RA, Habibullah MA. Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among primary school children in AlRass, Saudi Arabia. Int J Med Health Res 2018; 4(3):45-9. ]	2018	6-12	Al-Qassim	DI	1,292	832
Elfaki et al. [¹⁸[18] Elfaki NK, Elsheikh AS, Assiry AA, Alsunbul F. Dental fluorosis prevails among primary-schools’ students in Najran City-Saudi Arabia. Merit Res J Med Med Sci 2018; 6(3):121-5.]	2018	6-12	Najran	DI	288	172
Haridi et al. [¹⁹[19] Haridi HK, Alshammary BA, Albaqawi FH, Alshammry MM, Alhumaid ME, Alhur RS, et al. Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among school children aged 7-12 years in Hail City, Saudi Arabia. EC Dental Science 2020; 19(2):1-6.]	2020	7-12	Hail	DI	626	484

Studies	Sample Size	Proportion (%)	95% CI	Weight (%)
Studies	Sample Size	Proportion (%)	95% CI	Fixed	Random
Akpata et al. [⁸[8] Akpata ES, Fakiha Z, Khan N. Dental fluorosis in 12-15-year-old rural children exposed to fluorides from well drinking water in the Hail region of Saudi Arabia. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1997; 25(4):324-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1997.tb00947.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1997... ]	2355	90.658	89.410 to 91.804	16.15	8.36
Al-Shammery et al. [⁹[9] Al-Shammery AR, Guile EE, El Backly M. The prevalence of dental fluorosis in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Dental Journal 1997; 9(2):58-61.]	7377	24.603	23.624 to 25.603	50.59	8.37
Almas et al. [¹⁰[10] Almas K, Shakir ZF, Afzal M. Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in Al-Qaseem province - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Odontostomatol Trop 1999; 22(85):44-7.]	800	42.375	38.922 to 45.885	5.49	8.35
Al-Banyan et al. [¹¹[11] Al-Banyan RA, Echeverri EA, Narendran S, Keene HJ. Oral health survey of 5-12-year-old children of National Guard employees in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Int J Paediatr Dent 2000; 10(1):39-45. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-263x.2000.00166.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-263x.2000... ]	297	75.421	70.116 to 80.211	2.04	8.32
Khan et al. [¹²[12] Khan N, Al-Zarea B, Al-Mansour MJSDJ. Dental caries, hygiene, fluorosis and oral health knowledge of primary school teachers of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Dent J 2001; 13(3):128-32.]	272	13.971	10.080 to 18.668	1.87	8.32
Bhayat et al. [¹³[13] Bhayat A, Ahmad MS. Oral health status of 12-year-old male schoolchildren in Medina, Saudi Arabia. Eastern Mediterr Health J 2014; 20(11):732-7. ]	360	0.000	0.000 to 1.019	2.48	8.33
Khan et al. [¹⁴[14] Khan SQ, Moheet IA, Farooq I, Farooqi FA, ArRejaie AS, Al Abbad MHA, et al. Prevalence of dental fluorosis in school going children of Dammam, Saudi Arabia. J Dent Allied Sci 2015; 4(2):69-72. https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-4696.171516 https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-4696.171516... ]	496	33.065	28.935 to 37.397	3.41	8.34
Alhobeira et al. [¹⁵[15] Alhobeira HA, Siddiqui AA, Mian RI. Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in Hail, Saudi Arabia. J Int Oral Health 2015; 7(12):1-4.]	253	73.518	67.627 to 78.848	1.74	8.31
Alanazi et al. [¹⁶[16] Alanazi AH, Alsaab FA, Alatallah SS, Alfahaid SF, Alharbi AS, Almutairi BS, et al. Fluoride level in drinking water and prevalence of dental fluorosis and dental caries among the school children: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Asian Pac J Health Sci 2017; 4(4):155-9. https://doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2017.4.4.35 https://doi.org/10.21276/apjhs.2017.4.4.... ]	157	24.841	18.299 to 32.357	1.08	8.28
Elsherbini et al. [¹⁷[17] Elsherbini MS, Alsughier Z, Elmoazen RA, Habibullah MA. Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among primary school children in AlRass, Saudi Arabia. Int J Med Health Res 2018; 4(3):45-9. ]	1292	64.396	61.716 to 67.011	8.87	8.36
Elfaki et al. [¹⁸[18] Elfaki NK, Elsheikh AS, Assiry AA, Alsunbul F. Dental fluorosis prevails among primary-schools’ students in Najran City-Saudi Arabia. Merit Res J Med Med Sci 2018; 6(3):121-5.]	288	59.722	53.808 to 65.434	1.98	8.32
Haridi et al. [¹⁹[19] Haridi HK, Alshammary BA, Albaqawi FH, Alshammry MM, Alhumaid ME, Alhur RS, et al. Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among school children aged 7-12 years in Hail City, Saudi Arabia. EC Dental Science 2020; 19(2):1-6.]	626	77.316	73.831 to 80.541	4.30	8.35
Total (Fixed Effects)	14573	43.981	43.173 to 44.791	100.00	100.00
Total (Random Effects)	14573	46.523	26.522 to 67.127	100.00	100.00

[1] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: Ammar Ahmed Siddiqui, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: ammarqta2002@hotmail.com

Brasil

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Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis in Saudi Arabia: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Objective:

Material and Methods:

Results:

Conclusion: