Weed Control in Maize with Gliricidia Intercropping

Tavella, L.B.; Silva, P.S.L.; Monteiro, A.L.; Oliveira, V.R.; Siqueira, P.L.O.F.

doi:10.1590/0100-83582015000200010

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Artigos • Planta daninha 33 (2) • Apr-Jun 2015 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-83582015000200010 copy

Weed Control in Maize with Gliricidia Intercropping

Controle das Plantas Daninhas no Milho em Consórcio com Gliricídia

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

One of the very important components in the organic maize production costs refers to spending on weed control. In this research were assessed the effects of maize hybrids (AG 1051 and BR 205) in an intercropping with Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) and mechanical hoeing on weed control. The treatments assessed were: A - maize monocropping + two hoeings (20 and 40 days after sowing); B - maize with one hoeing at 20 days + intercropping with gliricidia sowed after hoeing; C - maize sowing intercropped with gliricidia at the time of maize sowing + hoeing at 40 days; D - maize sowing intercropped with gliricidia at the time of maize sowing without hoeing; E - monocropping maize without hoeing. In the intercroppings, gliricidia was sowed in broadcast seeding with 30 viable seeds m^-2. Maize hybrids did not differ in their effects on weed growth and grain yield. Treatments A, B and C have reduced weed growth, compared to treatments D and E. The highest grain yield was obtained with treatment A and the lowest with treatment E. It was concluded that intercropping maize and gliricidia is not a good alternative for an integrated weed management in maize crops in the conditions assessed.

Zea mays; Gliricidia sepium; maize yield

Species name	Samplings (days after sowing maize)			Species name	Samplings (days after sowing maize)
	20	40	105		20	40	105
	Occurrence index (%)¹^/				Occurrence index (%)¹^/
Acant hospermum hispidum	0	0	3	Malachra fasciata	60	0	0
Adenocalymna sp.	44	81	65	Malvaceae sp.	0	6	0
Alternanthera tenella	44	37	25	Merremia cissoides	6	0	0
Amaranthus viridis	31	19	10	Mimosa candollei	6	0	7
Boerhavia diffusa	0	0	2	Mollugo verticillata	12	25	2
Borreria verticillata	6	0	50	Neojobertia candolleana	0	0	10
Cajanus canja	0	0	2	Panicum maximum	0	6	0
Cenchrus echinatus	100	100	90	Pavonia cancellata	0	0	2
Centrosema pascuorum	19	0	0	Phyllanthus amarus	0	12	5
Chamaesyce hyssopifolia	31	0	0	Phyllanthus niruri	37	0	0
Commelina benghalensis	25	31	15	Physalis angulata	0	0	5
Corchorus hirtus	0	31	17	Portulaca oleracea	0	50	7
Cucumis anguria	12	0	7	Richardia grandiflora	0	0	32
Dactyloctenium aegyptium	0	12	40	Senna obtusifolia	19	19	2
Digitaria sp.	0	69	52	Senna occidentalis	0	0	2
Eragrostis sp.	0	6	5	Sida cordifolia	56	19	2
Euphorbia heterophylla	0	12	10	Solanum agrarium	0	31	0
Euphorbia hirta	0	0	2	Talinum paniculatum	37	0	0
Herissantia crispa	0	6	0	Trianthema portulacastrum	60	0	0
Indigofera hirsuta	0	0	27	Turnera subulata	6	0	0
Ipomoea bahiensis	75	75	55	-	-	-	-

Control methodsfor weeds	Sampling dates (days after sowing maize)
	20		40		105
	Fresh matter	Dry matter	Fresh matter	Dry matter	Fresh matter	Dry matter
	(kg ha^-1)
Hoeings at 20 and 40 days after sowing maize (DASM)	8,735 a	2,418 a	2,984 b	481 b	1,660 b	353 b
Hoeing at 20 DASM + intercropping with gliricidia after hoeing	5,086 a	1,317 a	-	-	6,941 b	1,545 b
Intercropping with gliricidia at the time of sowing maize + hoeing at 40 DASM	-	-	32,362 a	5,549 a	4,376 b	828 b
Intercropping with gliricidia at the time of sowing maize	-	-	-	-	16,682 a	4,181 a
Without hoeings	-	-	-	-	15,925 a	3,557 a
Average of hybrids	6411	1868	17673	3016	9117	2093
CV _plot(%)	104	99.9	29.7	32.2	34.2	32.9
CV_Subplot (%)	57.8	52.3	44.3	43.1	47.1	42.1

Control methodsfor weeds	Coexistence periods with maize and weeds(DASM, x)	Number of plants per m² (y)	Diameter of the root collar(y, mm)	Fresh matter(y, kg ha^-1)	Dry matter (y, kg ha^-1)
Intercropping with gliricidia at the moment of sowing maize + hoeing at 40 days DASM	40	17	3.26	574	79
Hoeing at 20 DASM + intercropping with gliricidia after hoeing	80	16	4.98	637	160
Intercropping with gliricidia at the time of sowing maize	100	10	5.81	606	157
Regression equations relating coexistence periods with maize and weeds (x) and characteristics of gliricidia (y)
Number of plants per m² (y)	y = 29.82 – 1.83 x^0.5, R² = 0.95
Diameter of the root collar (y, mm)	y = – 0.097 + 0.571 x^0.5, R² = 0.99
Fresh matter (y, kg ha^-1)	y = – 0.22 – 0.50 x^1.5 + 111.18 x^0.5, R² = 0.99
Dry matter (y, kg ha^-1)	y^0.5 = – 0.2050 + 0.2940 x – 0.0017 x², R² = 0.99
Averages of hybrids		14.0	4.69	606	132
CV _plot(%)		47.1	7.1	67.5	78.7
CV_Subplot (%)		33.7	15.6	43.5	52.1

Hybrids	Control methods of weeds
	Intercropping with gliricidia at the time of sowingmaize + hoeing at 40 DASM	Hoeing at 20 DASM + intercropping with gliricidia after hoeing	Intercropping with gliricidia at the time of sowing maize
	Coexistence periods with maize and weeds(x, days after sowing maize)
	40	80	100
	Height of the plant (y, cm)
AG 1051	19.3 a	23.5 a	26.0 b
BR 205	19.8 a	25.8 a	34.0 a
Regression equations, R²
AG 1051	y = 0.71 + 2.61 x^0.5, R² = 0.98
BR 205	y = – 0.31+3.20 x^0.5, R² = 0.98

Control methodsfor weeds	Height of the plant (cm)	Height of ear insertion (cm)	Diameter of the culm (mm)	Number of tassels of the tassels (no. of tassel^-1)	Fresh matter of the plant(kg ha^-1)	Dry matter of the plant(kg ha^-1)
Hoeings at 20 and 40 days after sowing maize (DASM)	175.05 a	95.40 a	21.24 a	17 a	24,828 a	6,144 a
Hoeing at 20 DASM + intercropping with gliricidia after hoeing	176.16 a	95.94 a	20.99 a	15 ab	23,109 ab	5,626 ab
Intercropping with gliricidia at the time of sowing maize + hoeing at 40 DASM	153.21 b	78.04 b	15.55 b	13 bc	17,813 bc	4,347 bc
Intercropping with gliricidia at the time of sowing maize	166.82 ab	90.96 a	16.20 b	13 bc	18,766 bc	4,450 bc
Without hoeings	167.65 a	91.52 a	16.81 b	12 c	15,453 c	3,839 c
Cultivars
AG 1051	176 a	100 a	18.3 a	13 b	21,388 a	5,121 a
BR 205	160 b	80 b	18.0 a	15 a	18,600 a	4,642 a
CV_plot(%)	8.2	11.7	7.1	4.7	255	33.7
CV_Subplot (%)	5.6	8.5	8.3	13.5	20.1	21.5

Control methods for weeds	Number of grains per ear	Number of ears per hectare	Matter of 100 grains(g)	Yield of grains(kg ha^-1)
Hoeings at 20 and 40 days after sowing maize (DASM)	524 a	49,740 ab	28.62 a	7,728 a
Hoeing at 20 DASM + intercropping with gliricidia after hoeing	510 ab	48,487 ab	30.16 a	7,527 ab
Intercropping with gliricidia at the time of sowing maize + hoeing at 40 DASM	464 bc	50,270 a	29.82 a	6,722 bc
Intercropping with gliricidia at the time of sowing maize	453 bc	49,259 ab	29.05 a	6,085 bc
Without hoeings	434 c	47,827 b	27.66 a	5,758 c
Cultivars
AG 1051	471 a	49,131 a	30.1 a	6,841 a
BR 205	483 a	49,102 a	28.1 b	6,687 a
CV_plot(%)	15.7	4.8	5.0	17.9
CV_Subplot (%)	9.2	3.2	9.2	15.9

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[TFN01] ¹
^/ Occurrence index = relationship between the number of experimental units in which certain species have occurred and the total number of experimental units of the experiment.