EXPLICAR A TRANSFOBIA E A DISCRIMINAÇÃO CONTRA AS PESSOAS TRANS: UMA REVISÃO DE PERSPECTIVAS TEÓRICAS

Aguirre-Sánchez-Beato, Sara

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Sumário

Artigo • Psicol. Soc. 32 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-0310/2020v32190274 copiar

EXPLICAR A TRANSFOBIA E A DISCRIMINAÇÃO CONTRA AS PESSOAS TRANS: UMA REVISÃO DE PERSPECTIVAS TEÓRICAS

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

A transfobia e a discriminação contra as pessoas trans apresentam níveis alarmantes. Diante do crescente interesse científico em compreender este tipo de discriminação e considerando que o conhecimento científico influi na forma como um fenômeno é entendido e estudado, objetiva-se identificar as perspectivas teóricas e as categorias utilizadas na literatura científica contemporânea (2005-2016) para explicar a discriminação contra as pessoas trans. Realizou-se revisão da literatura e análise de conteúdo qualitativa de documentos (N=68). Identificou-se duas perspectivas teóricas: cognitivas e discursivas. Apresenta-se as limitações de ambas as abordagens em relação à conceitualização e à explicação do problema, além das possibilidades de ações que oferecem. Diante destas limitações, argumenta-se favoravelmente a uma distinção conceitual entre práticas generificadas e atitudes e ideologia transfóbica, apresentando uma proposta teórica alternativa a partir da psicologia discursiva.

Palavras-chave:
Transgeneridades; Transexual; Discriminação; Transfobia

Keyword(s) 1	Keyword(s) 2	Scopus	JSTOR	DOAJ	Redalyc	CAIRN
Transgender OR transsexual (OR travesti)	Discrimination	424	612	49	504	21
	Prejudice OR stereotype	130	511	7	688	0
	Exclusion	77	176	19	440	0
Transphobia	-	136	41	19	153	4

Category and subcategory		References
Individual characteristics	Gender	Ali, Fleisher, & Erickson, 2016; Case & Stewart, 2013Case, K. A. & Stewart, B. (2013). Intervention Effectiveness in Reducing Prejudice Against Transsexuals. Journal of LGBT Youth, 10(1/2), 140-158.; Dierckx, Motmans, & Meier, 2014Dierckx, M., Motmans, J., & Meier, P. (2014). Beyond the box. Mesure d’attitudes en matière de sexisme, d’homophobie et de transphobie. Bruxelles: Institut pour l’égalité des femmes et des hommes.; Gazzola & Morrison, 2014Gazzola, S. B. & Morrison, M. A. (2014). Cultural and Personally Endorsed Stereotypes of Transgender Men and Transgender Women: Notable Correspondence or Disjunction? International Journal of Transgenderism, 15(2), 76-99.; Gerhardstein & Anderson, 2010Gerhardstein, K. R. & Anderson, V. N. (2010). There’s more than meets the eye: Facial appearance and evaluations of transsexual people. Sex Roles, 62(5/6), 361-373.; Grigoropoulos & Kordoutis, 2015Grigoropoulos, I. & Kordoutis, P. (2015). Social Factors Affecting Antitransgender Sentiment in a Sample of Greek Undergraduate Students. International Journal of Sexual Health, 27(3), 276-285.; Hill & Willoughby, 2005Hill, D. B. & Willoughby, B. L. B. (2005). The development and validation of the genderism and transphobia scale. Sex Roles, 53(7/8), 531-544.; Huffaker & Kwon, 2016Huffaker, L. & Kwon, P. (2016). A comprehensive approach to sexual and transgender prejudice. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services , 28(3), 195-213.; King, Winter, & Webster, 2009Winter, S. (2009). Lost in transition: Transpeople, transprejudice and pathology in Asia. International Journal of Human Rights, 13(2/3), 365-390.; Nagoshi et al., 2008Nagoshi, J. L., Adams, K. A., Terrell, H. K., Hill, E. D., Brzuzy, S., & Nagoshi, C. T. (2008). Gender differences in correlates of homophobia and transphobia. Sex Roles , 59(7/8), 521-531.; Norton & Herek, 2013Norton, A. T. & Herek, G. M. (2013). Heterosexuals’ Attitudes Toward Transgender People: Findings from a National Probability Sample of U.S. Adults. Sex Roles , 68(11/12), 738-753.; Páez, Hevia, Pesci, & Rabbia, 2015Páez, J., Hevia, G., Pesci, F., & Rabbia, H. H. (2015). Construcción y validación de una escala de actitudes negativas hacia personas trans. Revista de Psicología, 33(1), 151-188.; E. N. Tebbe & Moradi, 2012Tebbe, E. N. & Moradi, B. (2012). Anti-transgender prejudice: a structural equation model of associated constructs. Journal of Counseling Psychology , 59(2), 251-261.; Tee & Hegarty, 2006Tee, N. & Hegarty, P. (2006). Predicting opposition to the civil rights of trans persons in the United Kingdom. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 16(1), 70-80.; Walch, Ngamake, Francisco, Stitt, & Shingler, 2012Walch, S. E., Ngamake, S. T., Francisco, J., Stitt, R. L., & Shingler, K. A. (2012). The attitudes toward transgendered individuals scale: Psychometric properties. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(5), 1283-1291.; Warriner, Nagoshi, & Nagoshi, 2013Warriner, K., Nagoshi, C. T., & Nagoshi, J. L. (2013). Correlates of Homophobia, Transphobia, and Internalized Homophobia in Gay or Lesbian and Heterosexual Samples. Journal of Homosexuality, 60(9), 1297-1314.; Willoughby et al., 2010; Worthen, 2016Worthen, M. G. F. (2016). Hetero-cis-normativity and the gendering of transphobia. International Journal of Transgenderism , 17(1), 31-57.
	Sexual orientation	Ali et al., 2016; Case & Stewart, 2013Case, K. A. & Stewart, B. (2013). Intervention Effectiveness in Reducing Prejudice Against Transsexuals. Journal of LGBT Youth, 10(1/2), 140-158.; Dierckx et al., 2014Dierckx, M., Motmans, J., & Meier, P. (2014). Beyond the box. Mesure d’attitudes en matière de sexisme, d’homophobie et de transphobie. Bruxelles: Institut pour l’égalité des femmes et des hommes.; Páez et al., 2015Páez, J., Hevia, G., Pesci, F., & Rabbia, H. H. (2015). Construcción y validación de una escala de actitudes negativas hacia personas trans. Revista de Psicología, 33(1), 151-188.; Tee & Hegarty, 2006Tee, N. & Hegarty, P. (2006). Predicting opposition to the civil rights of trans persons in the United Kingdom. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 16(1), 70-80.; Warriner et al., 2013Warriner, K., Nagoshi, C. T., & Nagoshi, J. L. (2013). Correlates of Homophobia, Transphobia, and Internalized Homophobia in Gay or Lesbian and Heterosexual Samples. Journal of Homosexuality, 60(9), 1297-1314.; Willoughby et al., 2010Willoughby, B. L. B., Hill, D. B., Gonzalez, C. A., Lacorazza, A., Macapagal, R. A., Barton, M. E., & Doty, N. D. (2010). Who hates Gender outlaws? A multisite and multinational evaluation of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale. International Journal of Transgenderism , 12(4), 254-271.; Worthen, 2016Worthen, M. G. F. (2016). Hetero-cis-normativity and the gendering of transphobia. International Journal of Transgenderism , 17(1), 31-57.
	Religiosity/religious fundamentalism	Ali et al., 2016; Dierckx et al., 2014Dierckx, M., Motmans, J., & Meier, P. (2014). Beyond the box. Mesure d’attitudes en matière de sexisme, d’homophobie et de transphobie. Bruxelles: Institut pour l’égalité des femmes et des hommes.; Grigoropoulos & Kordoutis, 2015Grigoropoulos, I. & Kordoutis, P. (2015). Social Factors Affecting Antitransgender Sentiment in a Sample of Greek Undergraduate Students. International Journal of Sexual Health, 27(3), 276-285.; Huffaker & Kwon, 2016Huffaker, L. & Kwon, P. (2016). A comprehensive approach to sexual and transgender prejudice. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services , 28(3), 195-213.; King et al., 2009King, M. E., Winter, S., & Webster, B. (2009). Contact reduces transprejudice: A study on attitudes towards transgenderism and transgender civil rights in Hong Kong. International Journal of Sexual Health , 21(1), 17-34.; Nagoshi et al., 2008Nagoshi, J. L., Adams, K. A., Terrell, H. K., Hill, E. D., Brzuzy, S., & Nagoshi, C. T. (2008). Gender differences in correlates of homophobia and transphobia. Sex Roles , 59(7/8), 521-531.; Páez et al., 2015Páez, J., Hevia, G., Pesci, F., & Rabbia, H. H. (2015). Construcción y validación de una escala de actitudes negativas hacia personas trans. Revista de Psicología, 33(1), 151-188.; Tee & Hegarty, 2006Tee, N. & Hegarty, P. (2006). Predicting opposition to the civil rights of trans persons in the United Kingdom. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 16(1), 70-80.; Warriner et al., 2013Warriner, K., Nagoshi, C. T., & Nagoshi, J. L. (2013). Correlates of Homophobia, Transphobia, and Internalized Homophobia in Gay or Lesbian and Heterosexual Samples. Journal of Homosexuality, 60(9), 1297-1314.; Willoughby et al., 2010Willoughby, B. L. B., Hill, D. B., Gonzalez, C. A., Lacorazza, A., Macapagal, R. A., Barton, M. E., & Doty, N. D. (2010). Who hates Gender outlaws? A multisite and multinational evaluation of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale. International Journal of Transgenderism , 12(4), 254-271.
	Age	Case & Stewart, 2013Case, K. A. & Stewart, B. (2013). Intervention Effectiveness in Reducing Prejudice Against Transsexuals. Journal of LGBT Youth, 10(1/2), 140-158.; Dierckx et al., 2014Dierckx, M., Motmans, J., & Meier, P. (2014). Beyond the box. Mesure d’attitudes en matière de sexisme, d’homophobie et de transphobie. Bruxelles: Institut pour l’égalité des femmes et des hommes.; King et al., 2009King, M. E., Winter, S., & Webster, B. (2009). Contact reduces transprejudice: A study on attitudes towards transgenderism and transgender civil rights in Hong Kong. International Journal of Sexual Health , 21(1), 17-34.
	Educational level	Dierckx et al., 2014Dierckx, M., Motmans, J., & Meier, P. (2014). Beyond the box. Mesure d’attitudes en matière de sexisme, d’homophobie et de transphobie. Bruxelles: Institut pour l’égalité des femmes et des hommes.; Huffaker & Kwon, 2016Huffaker, L. & Kwon, P. (2016). A comprehensive approach to sexual and transgender prejudice. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services , 28(3), 195-213.; King et al., 2009King, M. E., Winter, S., & Webster, B. (2009). Contact reduces transprejudice: A study on attitudes towards transgenderism and transgender civil rights in Hong Kong. International Journal of Sexual Health , 21(1), 17-34.; Norton & Herek, 2013Norton, A. T. & Herek, G. M. (2013). Heterosexuals’ Attitudes Toward Transgender People: Findings from a National Probability Sample of U.S. Adults. Sex Roles , 68(11/12), 738-753.; Páez et al., 2015Páez, J., Hevia, G., Pesci, F., & Rabbia, H. H. (2015). Construcción y validación de una escala de actitudes negativas hacia personas trans. Revista de Psicología, 33(1), 151-188.
	Ethnicity/nationality	Case & Stewart, 2013Case, K. A. & Stewart, B. (2013). Intervention Effectiveness in Reducing Prejudice Against Transsexuals. Journal of LGBT Youth, 10(1/2), 140-158.; Tee & Hegarty, 2006Tee, N. & Hegarty, P. (2006). Predicting opposition to the civil rights of trans persons in the United Kingdom. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 16(1), 70-80.
	Social dominance	Dierckx et al., 2014Dierckx, M., Motmans, J., & Meier, P. (2014). Beyond the box. Mesure d’attitudes en matière de sexisme, d’homophobie et de transphobie. Bruxelles: Institut pour l’égalité des femmes et des hommes.; Huffaker & Kwon, 2016Huffaker, L. & Kwon, P. (2016). A comprehensive approach to sexual and transgender prejudice. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services , 28(3), 195-213.; Rojas, 2012; E. A. Tebbe et al., 2014Tebbe, E. A., Moradi, B., & Ege, E. (2014). Revised and abbreviated forms of the genderism and transphobia scale: Tools for assessing anti-trans* prejudice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(4), 581-592.b; E. N. Tebbe & Moradi, 2012
	Right-wing authoritarianism / political conservatism	Ali et al., 2016; Grigoropoulos & Kordoutis, 2015Grigoropoulos, I. & Kordoutis, P. (2015). Social Factors Affecting Antitransgender Sentiment in a Sample of Greek Undergraduate Students. International Journal of Sexual Health, 27(3), 276-285.; Huffaker & Kwon, 2016Huffaker, L. & Kwon, P. (2016). A comprehensive approach to sexual and transgender prejudice. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services , 28(3), 195-213., 2016; Nagoshi et al., 2008Nagoshi, J. L., Adams, K. A., Terrell, H. K., Hill, E. D., Brzuzy, S., & Nagoshi, C. T. (2008). Gender differences in correlates of homophobia and transphobia. Sex Roles , 59(7/8), 521-531.; Norton & Herek, 2013Norton, A. T. & Herek, G. M. (2013). Heterosexuals’ Attitudes Toward Transgender People: Findings from a National Probability Sample of U.S. Adults. Sex Roles , 68(11/12), 738-753., 2013; Rottenbacher de Rojas, 2012Rottenbacher Rojas, J. M. (2012). Conservadurismo político, homofobia y prejuicio hacia grupos transgénero en una muestra de estudiantes y egresados universitarios de Lima. Pensamiento Psicológico, 10(1), 23-37.; Tee & Hegarty, 2006Tee, N. & Hegarty, P. (2006). Predicting opposition to the civil rights of trans persons in the United Kingdom. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 16(1), 70-80.; Warriner et al., 2013Warriner, K., Nagoshi, C. T., & Nagoshi, J. L. (2013). Correlates of Homophobia, Transphobia, and Internalized Homophobia in Gay or Lesbian and Heterosexual Samples. Journal of Homosexuality, 60(9), 1297-1314.; Willoughby et al., 2010Willoughby, B. L. B., Hill, D. B., Gonzalez, C. A., Lacorazza, A., Macapagal, R. A., Barton, M. E., & Doty, N. D. (2010). Who hates Gender outlaws? A multisite and multinational evaluation of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale. International Journal of Transgenderism , 12(4), 254-271.
	Tolerance to ambiguity	Huffaker & Kwon, 2016Huffaker, L. & Kwon, P. (2016). A comprehensive approach to sexual and transgender prejudice. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services , 28(3), 195-213.; E. A. Tebbe et al., 2014Tebbe, E. A., Moradi, B., & Ege, E. (2014). Revised and abbreviated forms of the genderism and transphobia scale: Tools for assessing anti-trans* prejudice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(4), 581-592.b
	Moral dogmatism	Willoughby et al., 2010Willoughby, B. L. B., Hill, D. B., Gonzalez, C. A., Lacorazza, A., Macapagal, R. A., Barton, M. E., & Doty, N. D. (2010). Who hates Gender outlaws? A multisite and multinational evaluation of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale. International Journal of Transgenderism , 12(4), 254-271.
	Self-esteem	Hill & Willoughby, 2005Hill, D. B. & Willoughby, B. L. B. (2005). The development and validation of the genderism and transphobia scale. Sex Roles, 53(7/8), 531-544.; Willoughby et al., 2010
	Aggression proneness	Tebbe et al., 2014Tebbe, E. A., Moradi, B., & Ege, E. (2014). Revised and abbreviated forms of the genderism and transphobia scale: Tools for assessing anti-trans* prejudice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(4), 581-592.b; Warriner et al., 2013Warriner, K., Nagoshi, C. T., & Nagoshi, J. L. (2013). Correlates of Homophobia, Transphobia, and Internalized Homophobia in Gay or Lesbian and Heterosexual Samples. Journal of Homosexuality, 60(9), 1297-1314.
Factors external to individual	Contact with trans people	Hill & Willoughby, 2005Hill, D. B. & Willoughby, B. L. B. (2005). The development and validation of the genderism and transphobia scale. Sex Roles, 53(7/8), 531-544.; Huffaker & Kwon, 2016Huffaker, L. & Kwon, P. (2016). A comprehensive approach to sexual and transgender prejudice. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services , 28(3), 195-213.; King et al., 2009King, M. E., Winter, S., & Webster, B. (2009). Contact reduces transprejudice: A study on attitudes towards transgenderism and transgender civil rights in Hong Kong. International Journal of Sexual Health , 21(1), 17-34.; Norton & Herek, 2013Norton, A. T. & Herek, G. M. (2013). Heterosexuals’ Attitudes Toward Transgender People: Findings from a National Probability Sample of U.S. Adults. Sex Roles , 68(11/12), 738-753.; Tee & Hegarty, 2006Tee, N. & Hegarty, P. (2006). Predicting opposition to the civil rights of trans persons in the United Kingdom. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 16(1), 70-80.; Walch, Sinkkanen, et al., 2012Walch, S. E., Sinkkanen, K. A., Swain, E. M., Francisco, J., Breaux, C. A., & Sjoberg, M. D. (2012). Using Intergroup Contact Theory to Reduce Stigma Against Transgender Individuals: Impact of a Transgender Speaker Panel Presentation. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(10), 2583-2605.; Willoughby et al., 2010
	Information about trans people	Broockman & Kalla, 2016Broockman, D. & Kalla, J. (2016). Durably reducing transphobia: A field experiment on door-to-door canvassing. Science, 352(6282), 220-224.; Case & Stewart, 2013Case, K. A. & Stewart, B. (2013). Intervention Effectiveness in Reducing Prejudice Against Transsexuals. Journal of LGBT Youth, 10(1/2), 140-158.; Huffaker & Kwon, 2016Huffaker, L. & Kwon, P. (2016). A comprehensive approach to sexual and transgender prejudice. Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services , 28(3), 195-213.; Willoughby et al., 2010Willoughby, B. L. B., Hill, D. B., Gonzalez, C. A., Lacorazza, A., Macapagal, R. A., Barton, M. E., & Doty, N. D. (2010). Who hates Gender outlaws? A multisite and multinational evaluation of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale. International Journal of Transgenderism , 12(4), 254-271.
Adherence to other prejudices	Homophobia/ sexual prejudice	Grigoropoulos & Kordoutis, 2015Grigoropoulos, I. & Kordoutis, P. (2015). Social Factors Affecting Antitransgender Sentiment in a Sample of Greek Undergraduate Students. International Journal of Sexual Health, 27(3), 276-285.; Hill & Willoughby, 2005Hill, D. B. & Willoughby, B. L. B. (2005). The development and validation of the genderism and transphobia scale. Sex Roles, 53(7/8), 531-544.; Nagoshi et al., 2008Nagoshi, J. L., Adams, K. A., Terrell, H. K., Hill, E. D., Brzuzy, S., & Nagoshi, C. T. (2008). Gender differences in correlates of homophobia and transphobia. Sex Roles , 59(7/8), 521-531.; Norton & Herek, 2013Norton, A. T. & Herek, G. M. (2013). Heterosexuals’ Attitudes Toward Transgender People: Findings from a National Probability Sample of U.S. Adults. Sex Roles , 68(11/12), 738-753.; Rottenbacher de Rojas, 2012; E. A. Tebbe et al., 2014Tebbe, E. A., Moradi, B., & Ege, E. (2014). Revised and abbreviated forms of the genderism and transphobia scale: Tools for assessing anti-trans* prejudice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(4), 581-592.; E. N. Tebbe & Moradi, 2012; Tee & Hegarty, 2006Tee, N. & Hegarty, P. (2006). Predicting opposition to the civil rights of trans persons in the United Kingdom. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 16(1), 70-80.; Willoughby et al., 2010; Worthen, 2016Worthen, M. G. F. (2016). Hetero-cis-normativity and the gendering of transphobia. International Journal of Transgenderism , 17(1), 31-57.
	Modern/hostile sexism	Nagoshi et al., 2008Nagoshi, J. L., Adams, K. A., Terrell, H. K., Hill, E. D., Brzuzy, S., & Nagoshi, C. T. (2008). Gender differences in correlates of homophobia and transphobia. Sex Roles , 59(7/8), 521-531.; E. A. Tebbe et al., 2014Tebbe, E. A., Moradi, B., & Ege, E. (2014). Revised and abbreviated forms of the genderism and transphobia scale: Tools for assessing anti-trans* prejudice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(4), 581-592.b; Tee & Hegarty, 2006Tee, N. & Hegarty, P. (2006). Predicting opposition to the civil rights of trans persons in the United Kingdom. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 16(1), 70-80.; Warriner et al., 2013Warriner, K., Nagoshi, C. T., & Nagoshi, J. L. (2013). Correlates of Homophobia, Transphobia, and Internalized Homophobia in Gay or Lesbian and Heterosexual Samples. Journal of Homosexuality, 60(9), 1297-1314.
	Beliefs about gender	Norton & Herek, 2013Norton, A. T. & Herek, G. M. (2013). Heterosexuals’ Attitudes Toward Transgender People: Findings from a National Probability Sample of U.S. Adults. Sex Roles , 68(11/12), 738-753.; Tee & Hegarty, 2006Tee, N. & Hegarty, P. (2006). Predicting opposition to the civil rights of trans persons in the United Kingdom. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 16(1), 70-80.
	Beliefs on traditional gender roles	Hill & Willoughby, 2005Hill, D. B. & Willoughby, B. L. B. (2005). The development and validation of the genderism and transphobia scale. Sex Roles, 53(7/8), 531-544.; E. N. Tebbe & Moradi, 2012Tebbe, E. N. & Moradi, B. (2012). Anti-transgender prejudice: a structural equation model of associated constructs. Journal of Counseling Psychology , 59(2), 251-261.; Willoughby et al., 2010

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Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Careers and Human Resource Development: A Systematic Literature Review. Human Resource Development Review , 14(2), 125-162.; Meadow, 2010Meadow, T. (2010). “A Rose is a Rose” On Producing Legal Gender Classifications. Gender & Society , 24(6), 814-837.; Missé & Coll-Planas, 2010Missé, M. & Coll-Planas, G. (2010). El género desordenado. Críticas entorno a la patologización de la transexualidad. Barcelona; Madrid: Editorial Egales.; Moulin de Souza & de Pádua Carrieri, 2015Moulin Souza, E. & de Pádua Carrieri, A. (2015). When Invisibility Is Impossible: Body, Subjectivity, and Labor Among Travestis and Transsexuals. Journal of Workplace Rights, 5(2), 1-11.; Myers, 2010Myers, P. R. (2010). Jane Doe v. Boeing Company: Transsexuality and Compulsory Gendering in Corporate Capitalism. Feminist Studies , 36(3), 493-517.; Pacheco & Pacheco, 2016Pacheco, R. A. S. & Pacheco, I. S. (2016). Direito, violências e sexualidades: a transexualidade em um contexto de direitos. Revista Estudios Socio-Jurídicos, 18(2), 201-226.; Priola, Lasio, De, & Serri, 2014Priola, V., Lasio, D., De, S., & Serri, F. (2014). The Sound of Silence. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Discrimination in “Inclusive Organizations.” British Journal of Management, 25(3), 488-502.; Resende Alves & Costa Moreira, 2015Resende Alves, C. E., & Costa Moreira, M. I. (2015). Do uso do nome social ao uso do banheiro: (trans)subjetividades em escolas brasileiras. Quaderns de Psicologia , 17(3), 59-69.; Sawyer, Thoroughgood, & Webster, 2016Sawyer, K., Thoroughgood, C., & Webster, J. (2016). Queering the gender binary: Understanding transgender workplace experiences. In Sexual Orientation and Transgender Issues in Organizations: Global Perspectives on LGBT Workforce Diversity (pp. 21-42). Cham, Switzerland: Springer ; Schilt & Westbrook, 2009Schilt, K. & Westbrook, L. (2009). Doing Gender, Doing Heteronormativity: “Gender Normals,” Transgender People, and the Social Maintenance of Heterosexuality. Gender and Society, 23(4), 440-464.; Spade, 2015Spade, D. (2015). Normal Life: Administrative Violence, Critical Trans Politics and the Limits of Law. USA: Duke University Press. Recuperado de https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Normal_Life.html?id=dIiLRQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y https://books.google.com.br/books/about/... ; Suess, 2014Suess, A. (2014). Cuestionamiento de dinámicas de patologización y exclusión discursiva desde perspectivas trans e intersex. Revista de Estudios Sociales, 49, 128-143.
	Variability	Bento & Pelúcio, 2012Bento, B. & Pelúcio, L. (2012). Despatologização do gênero: a politização das identidades abjetas. Revista Estudos Feministas, 20(2), 569-581.; Connell, 2010Connell, C. (2010). Doing, Undoing, or Redoing Gender? Learning from the Workplace Experiences of Transpeople. Gender & Society, 24(1), 31-55.; Franco & Cicillini, 2015Franco, N. & Cicillini, G. A. (2015). Brazilian trans teachers in their schooling process. Revista Estudos Feministas , 23(2), 325-346.; Gilbert, 2009Gilbert, M. A. (2009). Defeating Bigenderism: Changing Gender Assumptions in the Twenty-First Century. Hypatia, 24(3), 93-112.; Moulin de Souza & de Pádua Carrieri, 2015; Schilt, 2006Schilt, K. (2006). Just One of the Guys? How Transmen Make Gender Visible at Work. Gender & Society , 20(4), 465-490.; Schilt & Westbrook, 2009; Spade, 2015Spade, D. (2015). Normal Life: Administrative Violence, Critical Trans Politics and the Limits of Law. USA: Duke University Press. Recuperado de https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Normal_Life.html?id=dIiLRQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y https://books.google.com.br/books/about/... ; Suess, 2014Suess, A. (2014). Cuestionamiento de dinámicas de patologización y exclusión discursiva desde perspectivas trans e intersex. Revista de Estudios Sociales, 49, 128-143.
	Language	Bento & Pelúcio, 2012Bento, B. & Pelúcio, L. (2012). Despatologização do gênero: a politização das identidades abjetas. Revista Estudos Feministas, 20(2), 569-581.; Bettcher, 2007Bettcher, T. M. (2007). Evil Deceivers and Make-Believers: On Transphobic Violence and the Politics of Illusion. Hypatia, 22(3), 43-65.; Buist & Stone, 2014Buist, C. L. & Stone, C. (2014). Transgender Victims and Offenders: Failures of the United States Criminal Justice System and the Necessity of Queer Criminology. Critical Criminology, 22(1), 35-47.; Currah, 2008Currah, P. (2008). Expecting Bodies: The Pregnant Man and Transgender Exclusion from the Employment Non-Discrimination Act. Women’s Studies Quarterly, 36(3/4), 330-336.; DePalma & Jennett, 2010DePalma, R. & Jennett, M. (2010). Homophobia, transphobia and culture: Deconstructing heteronormativity in English primary schools. Intercultural Education, 21(1), 15-26.; Lehtonen, 2016Lehtonen, J. (2016). Experiências de Jovens Não Heterossexuais e Trans na Escolha de Carreira e no Local de Trabalho. In T. Köllen (Ed.),Sexual Orientation and Transgender Issues in Organizations: Global Perspectives on LGBT Workforce Diversity (pp. 289-306). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.; Loutzenheiser, 2015Loutzenheiser, L. W. (2015). ‘Who are you calling a problem?’ Addressing transphobia and homophobia through school policy. Critical Studies in Education, 56(1), 99-115.; Meadow, 2010Meadow, T. (2010). “A Rose is a Rose” On Producing Legal Gender Classifications. Gender & Society , 24(6), 814-837.; Missé & Coll-Planas, 2010Missé, M. & Coll-Planas, G. (2010). El género desordenado. Críticas entorno a la patologización de la transexualidad. Barcelona; Madrid: Editorial Egales.; Vincenza Priola et al., 2014Priola, V., Lasio, D., De, S., & Serri, F. (2014). The Sound of Silence. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Discrimination in “Inclusive Organizations.” British Journal of Management, 25(3), 488-502.; Riggs, 2014Riggs, D. W. (2014). What makes a man? Thomas Beatie, embodiment, and “mundane transphobia.” Feminism and Psychology, 24(2), 157-171.
Predominance of gender meanings	Power	Adrian, 2013; Ansara & Hegarty, 2012Ansara, Y. G. & Hegarty, P. (2012). Cisgenderism in psychology: Pathologising and misgendering children from 1999 to 2008. Psychology and Sexuality, 3(2), 137-160.; Bento & Pelúcio, 2012Bento, B. & Pelúcio, L. (2012). Despatologização do gênero: a politização das identidades abjetas. Revista Estudos Feministas, 20(2), 569-581.; Buist & Stone, 2014Buist, C. L. & Stone, C. (2014). Transgender Victims and Offenders: Failures of the United States Criminal Justice System and the Necessity of Queer Criminology. Critical Criminology, 22(1), 35-47.; Currah, 2008Currah, P. (2008). Expecting Bodies: The Pregnant Man and Transgender Exclusion from the Employment Non-Discrimination Act. Women’s Studies Quarterly, 36(3/4), 330-336.; Dean, Victor, & Grimes, 2016Dean, M. A., Victor, E., & Grimes, L. G. (2016). Inhospitable Healthcare Spaces: Why Diversity Training on LGBTQIA Issues Is Not Enough. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 13(4), 557-570.; DePalma & Jennett, 2010DePalma, R. & Jennett, M. (2010). Homophobia, transphobia and culture: Deconstructing heteronormativity in English primary schools. Intercultural Education, 21(1), 15-26.; Erni, 2013Erni, J. N. (2013). Legitimating Transphobia: The legal disavowal of transgender rights in prison. Cultural Studies, 27(1), 136-159.; Gilbert, 2009Gilbert, M. A. (2009). Defeating Bigenderism: Changing Gender Assumptions in the Twenty-First Century. Hypatia, 24(3), 93-112.; Lasso Báez, 2014Lasso Báez, R. A. (2014). Transexualidad y servicios de salud utilizados para transitar por los sexos-géneros. CES Psicología, 7(2), 108-125.; Lehtonen, 2016Lehtonen, J. (2016). Experiências de Jovens Não Heterossexuais e Trans na Escolha de Carreira e no Local de Trabalho. In T. Köllen (Ed.),Sexual Orientation and Transgender Issues in Organizations: Global Perspectives on LGBT Workforce Diversity (pp. 289-306). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.; Loutzenheiser, 2015Loutzenheiser, L. W. (2015). ‘Who are you calling a problem?’ Addressing transphobia and homophobia through school policy. Critical Studies in Education, 56(1), 99-115.; Meadow, 2010Meadow, T. (2010). “A Rose is a Rose” On Producing Legal Gender Classifications. Gender & Society , 24(6), 814-837.; Missé & Coll-Planas, 2010Missé, M. & Coll-Planas, G. (2010). El género desordenado. Críticas entorno a la patologización de la transexualidad. Barcelona; Madrid: Editorial Egales.; Molina Rodríguez, Guzmán Cervantes, & Martínez-Guzmán, 2015Molina Rodríguez, N. E., Guzmán Cervantes, O. O., & Martínez-Guzmán, A. (2015). Identidades transgénero y transfobia en el contexto mexicano: Una aproximación narrativa. Quaderns de Psicologia, 17(3), 71-82.; Moulin de Souza & de Pádua Carrieri, 2015; Ozeren, Ucar, & Duygulu, 2016Ozeren, E., Ucar, Z., & Duygulu, E. (2016). Silence speaks in the workplace: Uncovering the experiences of LGBT employees in Turkey. In Sexual Orientation and Transgender Issues in Organizations: Global Perspectives on LGBT Workforce Diversity (pp. 217-232). Cham, Switzerland: Springer ; Priola et al., 2014Priola, V., Lasio, D., De, S., & Serri, F. (2014). The Sound of Silence. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Discrimination in “Inclusive Organizations.” British Journal of Management, 25(3), 488-502.; Resende Alves & Costa Moreira, 2015Resende Alves, C. E., & Costa Moreira, M. I. (2015). Do uso do nome social ao uso do banheiro: (trans)subjetividades em escolas brasileiras. Quaderns de Psicologia , 17(3), 59-69.; Schilt & Westbrook, 2009Schilt, K. & Westbrook, L. (2009). Doing Gender, Doing Heteronormativity: “Gender Normals,” Transgender People, and the Social Maintenance of Heterosexuality. Gender and Society, 23(4), 440-464.; Spade, 2015Spade, D. (2015). Normal Life: Administrative Violence, Critical Trans Politics and the Limits of Law. USA: Duke University Press. Recuperado de https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Normal_Life.html?id=dIiLRQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y https://books.google.com.br/books/about/... ; Winter, 2009Winter, S. (2009). Lost in transition: Transpeople, transprejudice and pathology in Asia. International Journal of Human Rights, 13(2/3), 365-390.
	Social function	Bettcher, 2007Bettcher, T. M. (2007). Evil Deceivers and Make-Believers: On Transphobic Violence and the Politics of Illusion. Hypatia, 22(3), 43-65.; Faúndes, 2015Faúndes, J. M. M. (2015). Géneros, Transgéneros: Hacia Una Noción Bidimensional De La Injusticia. Andamios. Revista de Investigación Social, 12(27), 257-278.; Franco & Cicillini, 2015Franco, N. & Cicillini, G. A. (2015). Brazilian trans teachers in their schooling process. Revista Estudos Feministas , 23(2), 325-346.; Gilbert, 2009Gilbert, M. A. (2009). Defeating Bigenderism: Changing Gender Assumptions in the Twenty-First Century. Hypatia, 24(3), 93-112.; Loutzenheiser, 2015Loutzenheiser, L. W. (2015). ‘Who are you calling a problem?’ Addressing transphobia and homophobia through school policy. Critical Studies in Education, 56(1), 99-115.; Meadow, 2010Meadow, T. (2010). “A Rose is a Rose” On Producing Legal Gender Classifications. Gender & Society , 24(6), 814-837.; Moulin de Souza & de Pádua Carrieri, 2015; K. Schilt & Westbrook, 2009Schilt, K. & Westbrook, L. (2009). Doing Gender, Doing Heteronormativity: “Gender Normals,” Transgender People, and the Social Maintenance of Heterosexuality. Gender and Society, 23(4), 440-464. Barclay & Scott, 2006Barclay, J. M. & Scott, L. J. (2006). Transsexuals and workplace diversity: A case of “change” management. Personnel Review, 35(4), 487-502.; Collins, McFadden, Rocco, & Mathis, 2015Collins, J. C., McFadden, C., Rocco, T. S., & Mathis, M. K. (2015). The Problem of Transgender Marginalization and Exclusion: Critical Actions for Human Resource Development. Human Resource Development Review, 14(2), 205-226.; Faúndes, 2015Faúndes, J. M. M. (2015). Géneros, Transgéneros: Hacia Una Noción Bidimensional De La Injusticia. Andamios. Revista de Investigación Social, 12(27), 257-278.; Myers, 2010Myers, P. R. (2010). Jane Doe v. Boeing Company: Transsexuality and Compulsory Gendering in Corporate Capitalism. Feminist Studies , 36(3), 493-517.; Spade, 2015Spade, D. (2015). Normal Life: Administrative Violence, Critical Trans Politics and the Limits of Law. USA: Duke University Press. Recuperado de https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Normal_Life.html?id=dIiLRQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y https://books.google.com.br/books/about/... Currah, 2008Currah, P. (2008). Expecting Bodies: The Pregnant Man and Transgender Exclusion from the Employment Non-Discrimination Act. Women’s Studies Quarterly, 36(3/4), 330-336.; Meadow, 2010; Spade, 2015
Effects of gender meanings	Othering	Adrian, 2013; Ansara & Hegarty, 2012Ansara, Y. G. & Hegarty, P. (2012). Cisgenderism in psychology: Pathologising and misgendering children from 1999 to 2008. Psychology and Sexuality, 3(2), 137-160.; Bailey, 2011Bailey, M. (2011). Gender/Racial Realness: Theorizing the Gender System in Ballroom Culture. Feminist Studies, 37(2), 365-386.; Cruz, 2014Cruz, T. M. (2014). Assessing access to care for transgender and gender nonconforming people: A consideration of diversity in combating discrimination. Social Science and Medicine, 110, 65-73.; Currah, 2008Currah, P. (2008). Expecting Bodies: The Pregnant Man and Transgender Exclusion from the Employment Non-Discrimination Act. Women’s Studies Quarterly, 36(3/4), 330-336.; Curtis, 2016Curtis, A. J. (2016). Conformity or nonconformity? Designing legal remedies to protect transgender students from discrimination. Harvard Journal on Legislation, 53(2), 460-497.; Dean et al., 2016Dean, M. A., Victor, E., & Grimes, L. G. (2016). Inhospitable Healthcare Spaces: Why Diversity Training on LGBTQIA Issues Is Not Enough. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 13(4), 557-570.; DePalma & Jennett, 2010DePalma, R. & Jennett, M. (2010). Homophobia, transphobia and culture: Deconstructing heteronormativity in English primary schools. Intercultural Education, 21(1), 15-26.; Franco & Cicillini, 2015Franco, N. & Cicillini, G. A. (2015). Brazilian trans teachers in their schooling process. Revista Estudos Feministas , 23(2), 325-346.; Gilbert, 2009Gilbert, M. A. (2009). Defeating Bigenderism: Changing Gender Assumptions in the Twenty-First Century. Hypatia, 24(3), 93-112.; Lehtonen, 2016Lehtonen, J. (2016). Experiências de Jovens Não Heterossexuais e Trans na Escolha de Carreira e no Local de Trabalho. In T. Köllen (Ed.),Sexual Orientation and Transgender Issues in Organizations: Global Perspectives on LGBT Workforce Diversity (pp. 289-306). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.; Loutzenheiser, 2015Loutzenheiser, L. W. (2015). ‘Who are you calling a problem?’ Addressing transphobia and homophobia through school policy. Critical Studies in Education, 56(1), 99-115.; Meadow, 2010Meadow, T. (2010). “A Rose is a Rose” On Producing Legal Gender Classifications. Gender & Society , 24(6), 814-837.; Myers, 2010Myers, P. R. (2010). Jane Doe v. Boeing Company: Transsexuality and Compulsory Gendering in Corporate Capitalism. Feminist Studies , 36(3), 493-517.; Páez et al., 2015Páez, J., Hevia, G., Pesci, F., & Rabbia, H. H. (2015). Construcción y validación de una escala de actitudes negativas hacia personas trans. Revista de Psicología, 33(1), 151-188.; Rasmussen, Sanjakdar, Allen, Quinlivan, & Bromdal, 2015Rasmussen, M. L., Sanjakdar, F., Allen, L., Quinlivan, K., & Bromdal, A. (2015). Homophobia, transphobia, young people and the question of responsibility. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 38(1), 30-42.; Winter, 2009Winter, S. (2009). Lost in transition: Transpeople, transprejudice and pathology in Asia. International Journal of Human Rights, 13(2/3), 365-390.
	Unintelligibility	Bailey, 2011Bailey, M. (2011). Gender/Racial Realness: Theorizing the Gender System in Ballroom Culture. Feminist Studies, 37(2), 365-386.; Bettcher, 2007Bettcher, T. M. (2007). Evil Deceivers and Make-Believers: On Transphobic Violence and the Politics of Illusion. Hypatia, 22(3), 43-65.; Buist & Stone, 2014Buist, C. L. & Stone, C. (2014). Transgender Victims and Offenders: Failures of the United States Criminal Justice System and the Necessity of Queer Criminology. Critical Criminology, 22(1), 35-47.; Erni, 2013Erni, J. N. (2013). Legitimating Transphobia: The legal disavowal of transgender rights in prison. Cultural Studies, 27(1), 136-159.; Faúndes, 2015Faúndes, J. M. M. (2015). Géneros, Transgéneros: Hacia Una Noción Bidimensional De La Injusticia. Andamios. Revista de Investigación Social, 12(27), 257-278.; Gilbert, 2009Gilbert, M. A. (2009). Defeating Bigenderism: Changing Gender Assumptions in the Twenty-First Century. Hypatia, 24(3), 93-112.; Lasso Báez, 2014Lasso Báez, R. A. (2014). Transexualidad y servicios de salud utilizados para transitar por los sexos-géneros. CES Psicología, 7(2), 108-125.; Meadow, 2010Meadow, T. (2010). “A Rose is a Rose” On Producing Legal Gender Classifications. Gender & Society , 24(6), 814-837.; Missé & Coll-Planas, 2010Missé, M. & Coll-Planas, G. (2010). El género desordenado. Críticas entorno a la patologización de la transexualidad. Barcelona; Madrid: Editorial Egales.; Molina Rodríguez et al., 2015Molina Rodríguez, N. E., Guzmán Cervantes, O. O., & Martínez-Guzmán, A. (2015). Identidades transgénero y transfobia en el contexto mexicano: Una aproximación narrativa. Quaderns de Psicologia, 17(3), 71-82.; Moulin de Souza & de Pádua Carrieri, 2015; Nadal, Skolnik, & Wong, 2012Nadal, K. L., Skolnik, A., & Wong, Y. (2012). Interpersonal and systemic microaggressions toward transgender people: Implications for counseling. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling, 6(1), 55-82.; Pacheco & Pacheco, 2016Pacheco, R. A. S. & Pacheco, I. S. (2016). Direito, violências e sexualidades: a transexualidade em um contexto de direitos. Revista Estudios Socio-Jurídicos, 18(2), 201-226.; Priola et al., 2014Priola, V., Lasio, D., De, S., & Serri, F. (2014). The Sound of Silence. Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Discrimination in “Inclusive Organizations.” British Journal of Management, 25(3), 488-502.; Resende Alves & Costa Moreira, 2015Resende Alves, C. E., & Costa Moreira, M. I. (2015). Do uso do nome social ao uso do banheiro: (trans)subjetividades em escolas brasileiras. Quaderns de Psicologia , 17(3), 59-69.; Spade, 2015Spade, D. (2015). Normal Life: Administrative Violence, Critical Trans Politics and the Limits of Law. USA: Duke University Press. Recuperado de https://books.google.com.br/books/about/Normal_Life.html?id=dIiLRQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y https://books.google.com.br/books/about/... ; Suess, 2014Suess, A. (2014). Cuestionamiento de dinámicas de patologización y exclusión discursiva desde perspectivas trans e intersex. Revista de Estudios Sociales, 49, 128-143.

Associação Brasileira de Psicologia Social Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas (CFCH), Av. da Arquitetura S/N - 7º Andar - Cidade Universitária, Recife - PE - CEP: 50740-550 - Belo Horizonte - MG - Brazil
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