Perception of freedom in leisure among substance users and nonusers

Diego Eugênio Roquette Godoy Almeida

Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

André Luiz Monezi Andrade

Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil

Fernanda Davidoff Cruz

Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

Denise de Micheli

Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil

Contato com os autores: André Luiz Monezi Andrade Centro de Ciências da Vida. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas Av. John Boyd Dunlop - Jardim Ipaussurama Campinas-SP, Brazil. Zip code: 13034-685

Sobre os autores: Diego Eugênio Roquette Godoy Almeida is graduated in Occupational Therapy and obtained his Master’s degree from Federal University of Sao Paulo. Currently, he is Assistant Professor at Departament of Management and Health Care from Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Email: diego.godoy@yahoo.com.br

André Luiz Monezi Andrade is graduated in Psychology and he is Professor from Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas. He obtained his Master’s degree and Ph.D. from Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Email: andre.andrade@puc-campinas.edu.br

Fernanda Davidoff Cruz is graduated in Psychology and obtained his Master’s degree from Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Email: fdavidoff@uol.com.br

Denise de Micheli is graduated in Psychology and an Adjunct Professor from the Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Department of Psychobiology. She obtained her Master’s degree and Ph.D. from Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Currently, she is head of Interdisciplinary Center for Studies in Neuroscience, Health, and Education in Adolescence (CIENSA) that is registered in CNPq. Besides, she is a member of AMERSA (Association for Medical Education and Research in Substance Abuse) and ABRAMD (Brazilian Association of Multidisciplinary Drug Studies). Email: demicheli.unifesp@gmail.com

Variables	N (%)	95% CI	X² /F	p	Cramer’s V
Gender			0.04	0.9	0.01
Female	83 (51.2%)	0.42-0.58
Male	79 (48.8%)	0.40-0.56
Missing data	3
Ethnicity			48.5	0.00	0.35
White	46 (35.1%)	0.26-0.44
Black	13 (9.9%)	0.05-0.16
Brown	68 (51.9%)	0.43-0.6
Indigenous/Yellow	4 (3.1%)	0.008-0.07
Missing data	34
Social economic level			30.3	0.00	0.31
Class A/B	33 (21.2%)	0.15-0.28
Class C	99 (63.4%)	0.55-0.71
Class D/E	24 (5.4%)	0.02-0.1
Missing data	9
Where most of the time is spent			62.5	0.00	0.27
Home	90 (55.5%)	0.47-0.63
Work	38 (23.4%)	0.17-0.3
Street	17 (10.4%)	0.06-0.16
School	13 (8.0%)	0.04-0.13
Other	4 (2.4%)	0.006-0.06

Substance	Dimensions of the Perception of Leisure (PFL)	Sum of squares	F test	p
Alcohol
	PFLGlobal	1.62	1.56	0.18
	Pneed	1.94	1.30	0.27
	Pcomp	0.99	0.69	0.59
	Pdepth	1.80	1.30	0.27
	Pcontrol	2.84	2.07	0.08
Crack/cocain
	PFLGlobal	0.09	0.37	0.54
	Pneed	0.30	0.82	0.36
	Pcomp	0.07	0.21	0.64
	Pdepth	0.00	0.01	0.91
	Pcontrol	0.34	0.98	0.32

Ecstasy
	PFLGlobal	2.04	2.66	0.05
	Pneed	3.58	3.31	0.02
	Pcomp	0.82	0.76	0.51
	Pdepth	1.17	1.12	0.33
	Pcontrol	4.31	4.33	0.00
Marijuana
	PFLGlobal	1.86	1.80	0.13
	Pneed	4.06	2.82	0.02
	Pcomp	2.05	1.47	0.21
	Pdepth	1.21	0.87	0.48
	Pcontrol	2.00	1.43	0.22

	Dimensions of the Perception of Leisure (PFL)	Sum of squares	X² /F	p
Nº substances
	PFLGlobal	0.38	0.47	0.69
	Pneed	0.52	0.46	0.71
	Pcomp	1.86	1.78	0.15
	Pdepth	0.15	0.14	0.93
	Pcontrol	0.76	0.71	0.54

Usage frequency
	PFLGlobal	0.57	0.71	0.54
	Pneed	1.06	0.94	0.41
	Pcomp	0.58	0.54	0.65
	Pdepth	1.73	1.68	0.17
	Pcontrol	0.57	0.53	0.65

Brasil