Neoplasmas nasossinusais em 49 cães: aspectos clínicos, macroscópicos e histopatológicos

Ricaldi, Giulia F.S.; Hennig, Morgana M.; Tondo, Luís A.S.; Irigoyen, Luiz F.; Fighera, Rafael A.; Flores, Mariana M.; Kommers, Glaucia D.

doi:10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-6638

RESUMO:

Este estudo teve como objetivo quantificar os neoplasmas nasossinusais diagnosticados em cães em 20 anos (2000-2019) e caracterizar os principais aspectos clínicos, macroscópicos e histológicos desses neoplasmas. Foram computados sexo, raça, idade, conformação do crânio, principais sinais clínicos e características anatomopatológicas (distribuição, macroscopia e histologia). Nesse período, 49 cães foram acometidos por neoplasmas nessas regiões, totalizando 50 neoplasmas (um cão tinha dois neoplasmas de localização e origens histogenéticas distintas). Foram acometidas quantidades semelhantes de cães sem raça definida (25/49) e de cães com raça definida (24/49), estes distribuídos em 16 raças. Entre os cães com raça definida, notou-se que os cães com conformação craniana mesocefálica (12/24) foram os mais acometidos, seguidos pelos dolicocefálicos (10/24) e braquicefálicos (2/24). Foram observados 22 casos em machos e 27 em fêmeas, perfazendo a relação de 1:1,23. Ocorreu uma variação de idade de 11 meses a 16 anos; tendo os neoplasmas epiteliais ocorrido em cães mais velhos quando comparado aos de outras origens histogênicas (mesenquimais e outras origens/células redondas). Os principais sinais clínicos foram semelhantes entre as categorias histogenéticas, sendo relacionados ao comprometimento do trato respiratório superior, por vezes acompanhados de sinais nervosos (quando houve invasão encefálica de neoplasmas nasais ou vice-versa). O possível local de origem em sua maioria foi na cavidade nasal em relação aos seios nasais (e de outras localizações). Ocorreram invasões para diferentes tecidos adjacentes à cavidade nasal e seios paranasais, tendo como consequência deformidades cranianas e faciais (21/49). A frequência foi de 48% de neoplasmas epiteliais, 32% de neoplasmas mesenquimais e 10% de neoplasmas com outras origens e de células redondas. Os neoplasmas mais frequentemente observados, em ordem decrescente de frequência, foram: adenocarcinoma (9/50), carcinoma de células escamosas (9/50), tumor venéreo transmissível (5/50), osteossarcoma (5/50), condrossarcoma (4/50) e sarcoma indiferenciado (4/50). Com isso, pode-se estabelecer a frequência desses neoplasmas em 20 anos, bem como suas características clínicas, macroscópicas e histológicas.

TERMOS DE INDEXAÇÃO:
Neoplasma nasossinusal; cão; clínica; macroscopia; histopatologia; cavidade nasal; seios paranasais; trato respiratório superior; caninos

[1] *Corresponding author: glaukommers@yahoo.com

Neoplasm	No. of cases (%)	Distribution
Adenocarcinoma	9 (18%)	⁽³⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, frontal sinus ^I, jaw ^I and nasal bone ^I
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, frontal sinus ^I, nasal bone ^I, palate ^I and gum ^I
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, soft palate ^I, brain ^I and frontal sinus ^I
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, hard palate ^I, lung ^M and submandibular lymph node ^M
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, nasal bone ^I, palate ^I, nasopharynx ^I and lung ^M
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal sinus ^PL, frontal bone ^I, temporal bone ^I and temporal muscles ^I *
Squamous cell carcinoma	9 (18%)	⁽²⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, brain ^I, soft palate ^I, and lung ^M
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, hard palate ^I, soft palate ^I, and jaw ^I
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and jaw ^I
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, frontal bone ^I and nasal bone ^I
		⁽¹⁾ Palate ^PL, frontal sinus ^I and jaw ^I
		⁽¹⁾ Nostril ^PL, nasal cavity ^I, nasal plane ^I, nasopharynx ^I and frontal sinus ^I
		⁽¹⁾ Skin ^PL and nasal cavity ^I
Transitional carcinoma	2 (4%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and adrenal ^M
Transitional carcinoma	2 (4%)	⁽¹⁾ Frontal sinus ^PL, frontal bone ^I, parietal bone ^I, brain ^I and retropharyngeal lymph nodes ^M
Undifferentiated carcinoma	2 (4%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL
Undifferentiated carcinoma	2 (4%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and frontal sinus ^I
Adenosquamous carcinoma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, frontal sinus ^I, frontal bone ^I, parietal bone ^I and brain ^I
Neuroendocrine carcinoma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, nasal bone ^I, jaw ^I, frontal bone ^I, brain ^I and frontal sinus ^I
TOTAL	24/50 (48%)

Neoplasm		Main macroscopic and histological characteristics
Adenocarcinoma	M	Whitish, yellowish, and brownish masses and nodules, mostly friable, soft, firm, and mostly multilobular. Cystic areas when cutting.
Adenocarcinoma	H	Polyhedral, cuboid or pleomorphic cells, forming acini with single or multiple layers and, sometimes, solid areas. Scarce to abundant cytoplasm. Round and oval nuclei, with loose chromatin and evident nucleoli.
Squamous cell carcinoma	M	Whitish to yellowish mass, sometimes pink or brownish, ranging from soft to firm.
Squamous cell carcinoma	H	Polyhedral cells are grouped in cords, nests, and islands. Abundant cytoplasm. Round to oval nuclei, with loose chromatin and evident nucleoli. There are areas with individual keratinization and others with the formation of keratin pearls.
Transitional carcinoma	M	Whitish to light pink and firm mass, sometimes with cystic areas with dark brown content.
Transitional carcinoma	H	Polyhedral cells forming acini. The cytoplasm is abundant. Polyhedral nuclei, round or elongated, central, with densely aggregated, loose, or vesicular chromatin.
Undifferentiated carcinoma	M	Whitish with reddish areas, ranging from soft to firm.
Undifferentiated carcinoma	H	Round polyhedral cells are grouped in the mantle. Abundant cytoplasm. Round nuclei with loose to vesicular chromatin and evident nucleoli.
Adenosquamous carcinoma	M	Whitish mass with yellowish and soft areas.
Adenosquamous carcinoma	H	Polyhedral cells forming single-walled acini. Moderate cytoplasm. Large, round, and oval core with loose chromatin. Presence of lamellar keratin (“keratin pearls”).
Neuroendocrine carcinoma	M	Whitish, soft, friable, and multilobulated mass.
Neuroendocrine carcinoma	H	Polyhedral cells are grouped in the mantle. Vacuolated cytoplasm. Round, oval or reniform nuclei with markedly aggregated chromatin.

Neoplasm	No. of cases (%)	Distribution
Chondrosarcoma	4 (8%)	⁽²⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and hard palate ^I
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and palate ^I
Undifferentiated sarcoma	4 (8%)	⁽²⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and pharynx ^I
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^MC, skin ^MC, mammary gland ^MC, myocardium ^MC, lymph nodes ^MC, lungs ^MC, mediastinum ^MC, hard palate ^MC, abdominal lump ^MC, kidneys ^MC, ovaries ^MC, skeletal muscles ^MC, pharynx ^MC, brain ^MC and submandibular lymph nodes ^MC
Osteosarcoma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL
Chondroblastic osteosarcoma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Jaw ^PL, nasal cavity ^I and lung ^M
Osteoblastic osteosarcoma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Jaw ^PL, nasal cavity ^I and hard palate ^I
Telangiectatic osteosarcoma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Hard palate ^PL and nasal cavity ^I
Giant cell-type osteosarcoma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and facial muscles ^I
Giant cell bone tumor	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and oral cavity ^I
Fibrosarcoma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and facial muscles ^I
Hemangiosarcoma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL
TOTAL	16/50 (32%)

Neoplasm		Main macroscopic and histological characteristics
Chondrosarcoma	M	Masses ranging from whitish to yellowish and sometimes reddish, mostly firm and less often soft, usually with an uneven surface.
Chondrosarcoma	H	Cells are spindle-shaped, polyhedral, round, or oval. Cytoplasm from scarce to abundant. Oval or round nuclei, elongated or reniform, with loose chromatin and evident nucleoli. Chondroid matrix formation areas.
Undifferentiated sarcoma	M	Whitish and reddish, friable, and irregular mass.
Undifferentiated sarcoma	H	Round cells grouped in the mantle. Scarce to abundant cytoplasm. Round, central nuclei with dense chromatin.
Osteosarcoma	M	Blackened, friable, and firm or hard fragments.
Osteosarcoma	H	Cells are round, polygonal, or starry, forming mantles. Abundant cytoplasm. Core with loose chromatin and evident nucleolus. Osteoid matrix, sometimes mineralized.
Chondroblastic osteosarcoma	M	Whitish, firm, and finely cross-linked mass.
Chondroblastic osteosarcoma	H	Pleomorphic cells are grouped in the mantle. Moderate cytoplasm. Round, oval or polyhedral nuclei with loose chromatin and evident nucleoli. Streaked by myxoid stroma. Presence of osteoid and chondroid matrix.
Osteoblastic osteosarcoma	M	Whitish, multilobulated, and soft mass
Osteoblastic osteosarcoma	H	Rounded polyhedral cells grouped in cords, groups, and mantles. Moderate cytoplasm. Round to oval nuclei with loose chromatin and evident nucleoli. With a small amount of bone matrix, sometimes mineralized.
Telangiectatic osteosarcoma	M	Whitish nodule with reddish areas, smooth and regular.
Telangiectatic osteosarcoma	H	Pleomorphic, elongated, oval, and round cells grouped in mantles. Scarce cytoplasm. Round, large nuclei with loose chromatin and nucleoli evident. A large number of newly formed vessels in the middle of the neoplastic cells.
Giant cell-type osteosarcoma	M	Reddish mass.
Giant cell-type osteosarcoma	H	Rounded polyhedral cells are arranged in mantles (anaplastic osteoblasts). Moderate cytoplasm. Round nuclei with finely dotted chromatin and evident nucleoli. Large numbers of giant cells are observed. Interwoven with a small amount of non-mineralized osteoid matrix.
Giant cell bone tumor	M	Invasive and ulcerated mass.
Giant cell bone tumor	H	Polygonal and spindle cells forming mantles and spindles, respectively. Moderate cytoplasm. Oval to elongated nuclei with loose chromatin and evident nucleoli. With multinucleated giant cells interspersed. Mineralized and non-mineralized osteoid matrix.
Hemangiosarcoma	M	Brownish, regular, friable, and soft plate.
Hemangiosarcoma	H	Fusiform and polyhedral cells are grouped in mantles, cords, and bundles. Scarce cytoplasm. Elongated and rounded nuclei, central with loose chromatin and evident nucleoli.

Neoplasm	No. of cases (%)	Distribution
Transmissible venereal tumor	5 (10%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and oral cavity ^I
		⁽²⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and hard palate ^I
		⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, soft palate ^I and skin ^I
Psammomatous meningioma	2 (4%)	⁽²⁾ Brain ^PL and nasal cavity ^I
Anaplastic meningioma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Brain ^PL, nasal cavity ^I, nasal septum ^I, jaw bone ^I, the lacrimal bone ^I, and left orbit ^I
Olfactory neuroblastoma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL and brain ^I
T-cell lymphoma	1 (2%)	⁽¹⁾ Nasal cavity ^PL, brain ^I and submandibular lymph nodes ^M
TOTAL	10/50 (20%)

Brasil

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Neoplasmas nasossinusais em 49 cães: aspectos clínicos, macroscópicos e histopatológicos

RESUMO:

Neoplasm		Macroscopic and histological characteristics
Transmissible venereal tumor	M	Mostly whitish nodules and masses, sometimes reddish, soft, and multilobulated (with the appearance of cauliflower).
Transmissible venereal tumor	H	Round cells are arranged in a mantle. Abundant and vacuolated cytoplasm (ranging from finely to markedly). Round, large, central nuclei with loose chromatin and evident nucleoli.
Psammomatous meningioma	M	Masses ranging from whitish to reddish and soft in the olfactory bulb.
Psammomatous meningioma	H	Spindle cells grouping into islands, nests, and bundles forming swirls. Moderate to abundant cytoplasm. Round to oval nuclei with loose chromatin and few evident nucleoli. Among the neoplastic cells, there are concentric aggregates of basophilic material (psammomatous bodies).
Anaplastic meningioma	M	Irregular, soft, and whitish mass.
Anaplastic meningioma	H	Round cells in mantle. Scarce to moderate cytoplasm with very distinct cytoplasmic limits. Round nuclei, with condensed chromatin and evident nucleoli.
Olfactory neuroblastoma	M	Whitish, soft mass.
Olfactory neuroblastoma	H	Polyhedral cells forming mantles, rosettes, and microcysts. Scarce cytoplasm with indistinct boundaries. Round to oval, hyperchromatic cores with finely granular chromatin.
Lymphoma (T-cell)	M	Left side: reddish to blackish soft mass with gelatinous areas. Right side: white and soft mass.
Lymphoma (T-cell)	H	Round cells are arranged in mantles. Scarce cytoplasm. The nuclei are round and sometimes reniform with evident nucleoli.