Prepartum anionic diet induces hyperchloremic acidosis in high-producing dairy cows without preventing subclinical hypocalcemia

Dieta aniônica pré-parto provoca acidose hiperclorêmica em vacas leiteiras de alta produção mas não evita a hipocalcemia subclínica

ABSTRACT:

In this study we evaluated the effects of the prepartum anionic diet on the electrolyte balance and calcemia of high producing dairy cows in the first days of lactation, and investigated the impact on the frequency of subclinical hypocalcemia (SCH). Sixty healthy Holstein cows, producing 30 kg of milk/day, handled in intensive system (compost barn), were distributed in groups (n=15) according to lactation order: first, second, third, and fourth to sixth. In the last three weeks before calving they received a diet with negative DCAD (-6mEq/100g DM) and high chloride content. After calving, they received a diet with positive DCAD (18mEq/100g DM). Urine pH was measured before calving. Serum Na⁺, Cl^-, K⁺, and total Ca concentrations, and the strong ion difference (SID₃) were determined in samples taken soon after calving (0h), 24, 48, 72 and 96h after. The frequencies of SCH were determined considering the critical value of 2.125mmol/L (8.5mg/dL). Two-way repeated measures ANOVA and chi-square test were used for comparisons. The cows eliminated acidic urine before calving. Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-, and SID₃ values did not differ between groups. Na⁺ and K⁺ did not vary between days; Cl^- was elevated at calving and decreased until 72h; and SID₃ was reduced at calving and increased up to 48h. The Ca levels were reduced until 24h and increased up to 72h. Cows of third and fourth to sixth lactations presented lower values up to 24h. SCH was observed in almost half of the cows (43.3% to 55%) until 48h. The maintenance of hypocalcemia for three or more consecutive days occurred in 53.3% of third and fourth to sixth lactations cows. Ingestion of a high chloride prepartum anionic diet led to hyperchloremic acidosis and this imbalance was reversed on the second postpartum day. The induced effects on electrolyte and acid-base balances were not able to prevent the occurrence of SCH in the first days of lactation.

INDEX TERMS:
Hyperchloremic acidosis; hypocalcemia; transition period; serum electrolytes; ammonium chloride; calcium metabolism; dietary cation-anion difference; dairy cattle; prepartum diet; cattle