The role of overqualification, decision, and mindfulness on knowledge outcomes

Almagharbeh, Bashar Khaled Anayzan; Ilkhanizadeh, Shiva

doi:10.1590/S0034-759020220308

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ARTICLES • Rev. adm. empres. 62 (3) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020220308 copy

The role of overqualification, decision, and mindfulness on knowledge outcomes

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

This study theorizes that perceived over-qualification (POQ) may impact non-knowledge sharing outcomes such as knowledge hoarding and hiding. We cast participation in decision-making (PDM) and mindfulness on these links by exploring the 3-way interaction effects of POQ, PDM, and mindfulness on nurses’ knowledge hoarding and hiding. The research hypotheses were tested using data from a field sample of 379 nurses in Jordan, who responded to an online survey. Results indicate that nurses with high POQ are more likely to exhibit (a) knowledge hoarding and (b) knowledge hiding. Consequently, nurses with high POQ are less likely to exhibit (c) knowledge hoarding when PDM and mindfulness perceptions are high, but not when PDM and mindfulness perceptions are low, and (d) knowledge hiding when PDM and mindfulness perceptions are high, but not when PDM and mindfulness perceptions are low. Implications for the literature and practice are offered.

Keywords:
knowledge; Jordan; over-qualification; decision-making; mindfulness

Perceived overqualification
1. “My job requires less education than I have”
2. “The work experience that I have is not necessary to be successful on this job”
3. “I have job skills that are not required for this job”
4. “Someone with less education than myself could perform well on my job”
5. “My previous training is not being fully utilized on this job”
6. “I have a lot of knowledge that I do not need in order to do my job”
7. “My education level is above the education level required by my job”
8. “Someone with less work experience than myself could do my job just as well”
9. “I have more abilities than I need in order to do my job”

Knowledge hoarding
1. “I keep news about what I am doing secret from others until the appropriate time”
2. “I avoid releasing information to others in order to maintain control”
3. “I control the release of information in an efort to present the profle I want to show”
4. “Information is a resource that needs to be carefully guarded”

Knowledge hiding
Evasive hiding
1. “Agreed to help him/her but never really intended to”
2. “Agreed to help him/her but instead gave him/her information diferent from what s/he wanted”
3. “Told him/her that I would help him/her out later but stalled as much as possible”
4. “Ofered him/her some other information instead of what he/she really wanted”
Playing dumb
1. “Pretended that I did not know the information”
2. “Said that I did not know, even though I did”
3. “Pretended I did not know what s/he was talking about”
4. “Said that I was not very knowledgeable about the topic”

Knowledge hiding
Rationalized hiding
1. “Explained that I would like to tell him/her, but was not supposed to”
2. “Explained that the information is confdential and only available to specific people”
3. “Told him/her that my boss would not let anyone share this knowledge”
4. “Said that I would not answer his/her questions”

Participation in decision-making
1. “Employees in this job are often asked by their supervisor to participate in decisions”
2. “Individuals in this job are allowed to make decisions”
3. “Employees are provided the opportunity to suggest improvements in the way things are done”
4. “Supervisors keep open communications with employees in this job”

Mindfulness -
1. “I could be experiencing some emotion and not be conscious of it until sometime later”
2. “I break or spill things because of carelessness, not paying attention, or thinking of something else”
3. “I find it dificult to stay focused on what’s happening in the present”
4. “I tend to walk quickly to get where I’m going without paying attention to what I experience along the way”
5. “I tend not to notice feelings of physical tension or discomfort until they really grab my attention”
6. “I forget a person’s name almost as soon as I’ve been told it for the first time”
7. “It seems I am “running on automatic” without much awareness of what I’m doing”
8. “I rush through activities without being really attentive to them”
9. “I get so focused on the goal I want to achieve that I lose touch with what I am doing right now to get there”
10. “I do jobs or tasks automatically, without being aware of what I’m doing”
11. “I find myself listening to someone with one ear, doing something else at the same time”
12. “I drive places on “automatic pilot” and then wonder why I went there”
13. “I find myself preoccupied with the future or the past”
14. “I find myself doing things without paying attention”
15. “I snack without being aware that I’m eating”

	O	M	SD	t	ρ
POQ1 ‹- POQ	0.820	0.820	0.019	42.865	0.000
POQ2 ‹- POQ	0.718	0.720	0.029	24.769	0.000
POQ3 ‹- POQ	0.810	0.810	0.022	37.513	0.000
POQ4 ‹- POQ	0.852	0.853	0.014	62.265	0.000
POQ5 ‹- POQ	0.731	0.731	0.029	24.807	0.000
POQ6 ‹- POQ	0.805	0.805	0.025	32.731	0.000
POQ7 ‹- POQ	0.859	0.859	0.017	50.406	0.000
POQ8 ‹- POQ	0.839	0.840	0.019	44.504	0.000
POQ9 ‹- POQ	0.762	0.764	0.034	22.584	0.000

PDM1 ‹- PDM	0.762	0.757	0.051	14.881	0.000
PDM2 ‹- PDM	0.819	0.816	0.037	22.385	0.000
PDM3 ‹- PDM	0.834	0.831	0.038	21.849	0.000
PDM4 ‹- PDM	0.857	0.852	0.028	30.098	0.000

MND1 ‹- MND	[*]
MND2 ‹- MND	[*]
MND3 ‹- MND	0.741	0.742	0.027	27.664	0.000
MND4 ‹- MND	0.627	0.626	0.039	15.919	0.000
MND5 ‹- MND	0.747	0.747	0.028	27.138	0.000
MND6 ‹- MND	0.620	0.618	0.047	13.054	0.000
MND7 ‹- MND	0.752	0.753	0.029	26.090	0.000
MND8 ‹- MND	0.796	0.797	0.028	28.441	0.000
MND9 ‹- MND	0.729	0.726	0.031	23.323	0.000
MND10 ‹- MND	0.841	0.841	0.016	53.142	0.000
MND11 ‹- MND	[*]
MND12 ‹- MND	[*]
MND13 ‹- MND	0.701	0.698	0.036	19.401	0.000
MND14 ‹- MND	0.735	0.734	0.030	24.817	0.000
MND15 ‹- MND	[*]

KHR1 ‹- KHR	0.876	0.876	0.015	57.113	0.000
KHR2 ‹- KHR	0.927	0.926	0.010	92.263	0.000
KHR3 ‹- KHR	0.916	0.915	0.012	78.694	0.000
KHR4 ‹- KHR	0.780	0.780	0.038	20.776	0.000

KHB1 ‹- KHB	0.707	0.706	0.035	20.386	0.000
KHB2 ‹- KHB	0.799	0.799	0.022	36.191	0.000
KHB3 ‹- KHB	0.891	0.890	0.015	60.736	0.000
KHB4 ‹- KHB	0.824	0.823	0.020	42.124	0.000
KHB5 ‹- KHB	0.930	0.930	0.010	89.621	0.000
KHB6 ‹- KHB	0.907	0.907	0.009	104.715	0.000
KHB7 ‹- KHB	0.937	0.937	0.006	170.369	0.000
KHB8 ‹- KHB	0.889	0.889	0.012	75.039	0.000
KHB9 ‹- KHB	0.873	0.874	0.014	64.641	0.000
KHB10 ‹- KHB	0.839	0.839	0.018	46.207	0.000
KHB11 ‹- KHB	0.846	0.846	0.014	62.630	0.000
KHB12 ‹- KHB	0.790	0.789	0.021	36.949	0.000
Information:O=Original Sample; M=Sample Mean; SD = Standard Deviation; t=T-Statistics; ρ=P-Values; [] = Excluded Measures*

	Variables	Cα	Rho	CR	AVE	1	2	3	4	5
1	POQ	0.93	0.94	0.94	0.64	0.80	0.18	0.14	0.32	0.49
2	PDM	0.84	0.87	0.89	0.67	-0.14	0.82	0.41	0.09	0.25
3	MND	0.90	0.92	0.92	0.54	-0.12	0.37	0.73	0.23	0.46
4	Knowledge hoarding	0.90	0.93	0.93	0.77	0.32	-0.03	-0.21	0.88	0.59
5	Knowledge hiding	0.97	0.97	0.97	0.73	0.49	-0.23	-0.44	0.55	0.86
Information: Cα = Cronbach’s alpha; CR= composite reliability index; AVE= average variance extracted. Lower triangular matrix is the Fornell-Larcker criterion coefficients. Upper triangular matrix is the HTMT coefficients. Middle bold value is the square root of AVE

	Predictor Variables	Knowledge hoarding	Knowledge hiding
1	POQ	1.025	1.025
2	PDM	1.171	1.171
3	MND	1.164	1.164
Information: VIF values

Predictor(s)	Coefficient	SE	t-value	p-value	LLCI	ULCI
Constant	-0.95	0.33	-2.91	0.00	-1.60	-0.31
Gender	0.60	0.10	5.91	0.00	0.40	0.81
Age	0.41	0.08	5.00	0.00	0.25	0.57
Education	-0.01	0.08	-0.11	0.91	-0.16	0.15
Tenure	-0.27	0.09	-3.06	0.00	-0.45	-0.10
Hospital type	-0.17	0.10	-1.62	0.11	-0.37	0.04
POQ	0.32	0.05	5.93	0.00	0.22	0.43
PDM	-0.08	0.06	-1.34	0.18	-0.19	0.04
MND	-0.09	0.05	-1.66	0.10	-0.19	0.02
POQ*PDM	0.02	0.06	0.32	0.75	-0.09	0.13
POQ*MND	0.10	0.05	1.81	0.07	-0.01	0.20
PDM*MND	0.01	0.04	0.32	0.75	-0.07	0.10
POQPDMMND	-0.16	0.04	-3.67	0.00	-0.25	-0.07

Information:
F statistics = 11.87
R squared = 0.28
Significance = 0.01
SE= standard error
LLCI = lower level confdence interval
ULCI = upper level confdence interval

Predictor(s)	Coefficient	SE	t-value	p-value	LLCI	ULCI
Constant	-0.34	0.25	-1.34	0.18	-0.84	-0.16
Gender	0.27	0.08	3.42	0.00	0.12	0.43
Age	0.40	0.06	6.30	0.00	0.27	0.52
Educação	-0.26	0.06	-4.31	-0.00	-0.38	0.14
Tenure	0.40	0.07	-5.79	0.00	-0.54	-0.26
Hospital type	0.38	0.08	4.81	0.00	0.23	0.54
POQ	0.41	0.04	9.77	0.00	0.33	0.50
PDM	-0.03	0.04	-0.62	0.53	-0.11	0.06
MND	-0.24	0.04	5.73	0.00	-0.32	0.16
POQ*PDM	0.04	0.04	0.87	0.38	-0.05	0.13
POQ*MND	0.08	0.04	1.96	0.05	-0.00	0.16
PDM*MND	-0.07	0.03	-2.20	0.03	-0.14	0.01
POQPDMMND	-0.08	0.03	-2.47	0.01	-0.15	-0.02

Information:
F statistics = 39,77
R squared = 0.57
Significance = 0.01
SE= standard error
LLCI = lower level confdence interval
ULCI = upper level confdence interval

Fundação Getulio Vargas, Escola de Administração de Empresas de S.Paulo Av 9 de Julho, 2029, 01313-902 S. Paulo - SP Brasil, Tel.: (55 11) 3799-7999, Fax: (55 11) 3799-7871 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: rae@fgv.br

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[1] AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION

Bashar Khaled Anayzan Almagharbeh and Shiva Ilkhanizadeh worked on the conceptualization and theoretical-methodological approach. The theoretical review was conducted by BBashar Khaled Anayzan Almagharbeh. Data collection was coordinated by Bashar Khaled Anayzan Almagharbeh. Data analysis included Bashar Khaled Anayzan Almagharbeh. Supervision and rewriting Shiva Ilkhanizadeh. Bashar Khaled Anayzan Almagharbeh e Shiva Ilkhanizadeh worked together in the writing and final revision of the manuscript.