DETERMINANTS OF INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL NETWORK FORMATION IN THE CULTURAL SECTOR

RAMOS-VIDAL, IGNACIO

doi:10.1590/S0034-759020180103

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Revista de Administração de Empresas

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ARTICLES • Rev. adm. empres. 58 (1) • Jan-Feb 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020180103 copy

DETERMINANTS OF INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL NETWORK FORMATION IN THE CULTURAL SECTOR

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

In recent years, the number of studies applying Social Network Analysis to the formation of inter-organizational networks has increased. This paper analyzed a socio-centric network composed of 32 cultural organizations in Andalusia increase. Multiple Regression Quadratic Assignment Procedure (MR-QAP) at the dyadic level, showed that perceptions of affinity (i.e., homophily) and the possibility of establishing contacts in the future, can exert influence on the establishment of informal contacts. At the internal level, an organization's brokerage position in collaboration project networks is related to the volume of business and the old in the sector. Finally, this article discusses applications for the management of inter-organizational networks in order to strengthen the implementation of public policies.

KEYWORDS
Cultural organizations; inter-organizational networks; partnerships; quadratic assignment procedure; network analysis; partnership

Indicator type	Name	Description	Formula
Cohesion measures	Density	It indicates the proportion of contacts that take place in a network in relation to the total of possible links. The density is expressed as a percentage of effective links on the total number of possible links.	One divides the number of links, L, by the number of possible arcs $g (g - 1) : Δ = \frac{L}{g (g - 1)}$
	Degree centralization (Freeman, 1979Freeman, L.C. (1979). Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification. Social Networks, 1(3), 215-239. doi:10.1016/0378-8733(78)90021-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8733(78)900... , p. 228)	It indicates the degree (also expressed in percentage) in which the relationships that occur in a social network are concentrated in a specific group of players, comparing the real structure with the ideal structure in the form of a star (Freeman, 1979Freeman, L.C. (1979). Centrality in social networks: Conceptual clarification. Social Networks, 1(3), 215-239. doi:10.1016/0378-8733(78)90021-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8733(78)900... ).	n = Number of points C_X (p_i) = Average centrality of points C_X (p) = Higher C_X* (p_i) = value for any point in the network Max. $Σ_{i = 1}^{n} [c_{x} (p^{}) - C_{X} (p_{i})]$ = The maximum possible sum of the differences in the center point of a graph with M points. $c_{x} = \frac{\sum_{i = 1}^{n} [C_{x} (p^{}) - C_{X} (p_{i})]}{\max \sum_{i = 1}^{n} [C_{x} (p^{*}) - C_{X} (p_{i})]}$
	Reciprocity	It shows the degree to which the bonds issued are returned to the issuers. As in the case of centralization and density, it is expressed as a percentage.	Considering that v and w are two nodes of a binary network that form a dyad, the reciprocal relationship is considered when the link between (v,w) is equivalent to the relation (v,w)As noted by Cheng, Romero, Meeder, and Kleinberg (2011, p. 51)Cheng, J., Romero, D., Meeder, B., & Kleinberg, J. (2011). Predicting reciprocity in social networks.In Privacy, security, risk and trust (passat), (pp. 49-56). IEEE Third International Conference on Social Computing. Boston, MA: IEEE., this expression reflects symmetry and is valid for dichotomous networks
Centrality measures	Degree centrality	Composite measure that shows the times that a player has nominated (output degrees) or has been nominated (input degrees) by the other players in the network.	d (n_i) = Nº of nodes with which it is connected. g = nº of network nodes (size). C_D = d(n_i) = Σ_jx_ij = Σ_jx_ji, Standardized formula: $C_{D} (n_{i}) = \frac{d (n_{i})}{g - 1}$
Centrality measures	Intermediation	Examine the extent to which a player is situated on the shortest path (geodetic distance) between two players or sets of players in a network.	Gj_k = nº of geodetic paths that join j and k. G_jk(n_i) = nº of geodetic paths between j and k that pass by i. C_B (ni) = Σ_j<k^{g jk(ni)}/ g _jk Standardized formula: $C^{'} (ni) = \frac{C_{B} (ni)}{[(g - 1) (g - 2) / 2]}$
Attributes	Seniority	Average number of years that the organization has been operating in the sector.	Not applicable
Attributes	Activity volume	Average number of events and artistic productions that the organization carries out over a year.	Not applicable

Network type	Cohesion measures
Network type	Density (%)	Degree centralization (%)	Reciprocity (%)
Collaboration network	17.34	47.51	21.31
Network of informal contacts	41.09	36.43	25.13
Network connection perception	24.39	29.13	26.62
Network of possibility of contacts	28.51	36.18	13.78

Independent variables			Dependent variable
			Network of informal contacts
			Error est.	β	p
Network of connection perception			0.0693	0.3255	0.0005
Network of future possibility of contacts			0.0797	0.1304	0.0415
R	0.154^ p<0,0000
ΔR²	0.153^ p<0,0000
No. of permutations		992

Variables	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1. Activity	-
2. Billing	0.438^* * p<0,05	-
3. Antiquity	0.562^ p<0,001	0.155	-
4. Collaboration network centrality	0.182	0.030	0.267	-
5. Collaboration network intermediation	0.526^ p<0,001	0.097	0.404^* * p<0,05	0.632^ p<0,001	-
6. Informal contacts network centrality	0.046	0.074	0.168	0.734^ p<0,001	0.444^* * p<0,05	-
7. Informal contacts network intermediation	0.019	0.055	0.111	0.466^ p<0,001	0.369^* * p<0,05	0.520^ p<0,001	-

Step	Independ. Var.		Dependent variables
			Collaboration networks							Informal contacts network
			Centrality (Model 1)				Intermediation (Model 2)			Centrality (Model 3)			Intermediation (Model 4)
			t		β	p	t	Β	p	t	β	p	t	β	p
1	Activity		0.997		0.18	0.32	3.32	0.52	0.00	0.24	.046	0.80	0.10	0.019	0.917
2	Billing		1.17		-0.13	0.51	-0.93	-0.16	0.35	-0.55	-0.11	0.58	-0.37	-0.078	0.711
3	Seniority		1.51		0.27	0.14	0.82	0.15	0.41	0.85	.196	0.41	0.59	0.138	0.557
Model		R²		ΔR²			F			p			DW
1		0.048		-0.020			0.705			0.503			0.996
2		0.299		0.248			5.958			0.007			1.345
3		0.013		-0.057			0.186			0.831			0.916
4		0.005		-0.066			0.075			0.928			2.519

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[1] iramos5@us.es Ignacio.ramosv@upb.edu.co