GENEALOGÍA DE LA PRÁCTICA Y SUS IMPLICACIONES PARA LA ESTRATEGIA COMO PRÁCTICA

SILVA, EVERTON RODRIGUES DA; GONÇALVES, CARLOS ALBERTO

doi:10.1590/1678-69712016/administracao.v17n4p130-152

RESUMEN

Objetivo:

Mapear los principios convergentes de las diversas teorías de la práctica y presentar sus implicaciones para la agenda de investigación de la estrategia como práctica.

Originalidad/laguna/relevancia/implicaciones:

El programa de investigación de estrategia como práctica (S-as-P, en inglés) es un heredero intelectual de los estudios basados en prácticas presentes en la teoría social contemporánea. Teóricos del campo refuerzan la importancia de una aplicación autoconsciente de la teoría de la práctica, ambición que pasa por una fidelidad a la noción de práctica. Ante ese cuadro, la contribución del trabajo está en 1. posibilitar una primera aproximación con los presupuestos filosóficos de la teoría de la práctica; 2. servir como base para un examen profundizado de la agenda de investigación de la S-as-P; 3. servir como inspiración para que académicos se preocupen con los conceptos fundamentales de sus investigaciones.

Principales aspectos metodológicos:

Es un ensayo teórico elaborado a partir de una revisión sistemática de la literatura.

Síntesis de los principales resultados:

Revisión de conceptos críticos para la S-as-P (p. ej.: nociones de realidad social/organizacional, de práctica, la agencia, la estrategia y la articulación de estos conceptos con visiones influyentes en el campo de la estrategia), mostrando sus aspectos únicos - sobre los enfoques procesales en la estrategia y perspectivas teóricas previas en las ciencias sociales que utilizan la palabra práctica - y estimulando el desarrollo de la investigación de inspiración etnográfica, cartográfica o similar.

Principales consideraciones/conclusiones:

El esfuerzo realizado es una tentativa de sacar a la luz los presupuestos que orientan la virada de la práctica en las ciencias sociales, evitando el armadijo de la reproducción de modelos teóricos sin que se comprenda los principios conceptuales sobre los cuales fueron elaborados.

PALABRAS CLAVE
Práctica; Teoría práctica; Estrategia como práctica; Agencia; Ontología organizacional

[TFN1] Source: Elaborated by the authors.

Reality is socially built.	The practice theories family believes that reality (the social) is not objectively given, thus, there is no given and unique reality to all (a priori) but socially permanently built concepts.
The subject is not seen as an atomized and generic individual.	Individuals are taken as being immersed in a social life, whose skills, nationality, gender and all influence in their way of life (and work). Human actions are understood as directly linked to their context. Therefore, individuals are social beings whose possibilities are defined by the practices in which they are immersed (Vaara & Whittington, 2012Vaara, E., & Whittington, R. (2012). Strategy-as-practice: taking social practices seriously. The Academy of Management Annals, 6(1), 285-336.).
Existence of a background of a priori understanding of human interpretive scheme (pre-reflective dimension / implicit cognition and human action).	Human understanding is a previous operation to the interpretation (or representation), it is a non-explicitly articulated knowledge called background or pre-reflective state, or even culture Interpretation is one of the possible ways of comprehension, but every interpretation is made based on an understanding. As seen, the practices are conductive/carriers of a cultural load, forming the background to the action (Chia & Mackay, 2007Chia, R., & Mackay, B. (2007). Post-processual challenges for the emerging strategy-as-practice perspective: discovering strategy in the logic of practice. Human Relations, 60(1), 217-242.); Intelligibility is the space for action (Schatzki, 2005Schatzki, T. R. (2005). Peripheral vision: the sites of organizations. Organization Studies, 26(3), 465-484.); They are therefore an instance (resonance) of the background. It follows that the historical and cultural characteristics are inherent to the concept of practice and the identification of social practices cannot be confused with mere description of individual activities or organizational routines/processes. In a nutshell, “[...] ‘practice’ implies more than simply practical” (Vaara & Whittington, 2012Vaara, E., & Whittington, R. (2012). Strategy-as-practice: taking social practices seriously. The Academy of Management Annals, 6(1), 285-336.). This caution was also highlighted by Bispo (2015)Bispo, M. S. (2015). Methodological reflections on practice-based research in organization studies. BAR, 12(3), 309-323..
Logical concept of the immanent practice.	Front the structure-agency debate, the practice of theory provides a line of flight that is the belief in an immanent logic of practice. Thus, the agency capacity is neither given to the actors nor to the structure/organization but to the practices. The individual goals and social norms are the result of a public building process and collective triggered by practices. Front the structure-agency debate, the practice of theory provides a line of flight that is the belief in an immanent logic of practice. Thus, the agency capacity is neither given to the actors and nor to the structure/organization but to the practices. The individual goals and social norms are the result of a public and collective building process triggered by practices.
Knowledge emerges from the engagement in the world.	In the practice theory, the possibility of knowledge is given from the experience in the world (immersion in the life plan, the lived). The act of knowing is not separated from doing.
The focus should be on patterns of production, reproduction and changing practices.	From the practical theory framework, the following issues should be focused on: how are the practices maintained, transmitted, modified, and imposed on the subsequent actions? How do these standards govern, influence or constitute the actions of individuals? How do individuals describe/organize their own reality? In answering these questions, researchers should be aware of the merger between the local and global practices, finally the binomial action-context.
Expanded Practice conception.	The practical arrangements are made of speech, body, mental processes, artifacts, knowledge, etc. The sociability is therefore a beam of practices.
Possibility to understand organizations as a bundle of socio-material practices.	In practice theory scope, organizations are less understood by its structural dimension/static (from traditional categories, such as hierarchy, size, efficiency/economic efficiency, functional areas, among others) and more by the relational aspect manifested in the flow of daily actions, which portray practices composed of discursive elements and non-discursive and human and nonhuman.

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