Tiskauglu N.S. et al. 201733. Tiskaoglu NS, Yazıcı A, Karlıdere T, Sari E, Oguz EY, Musaoglu M, et al. Dry eye disease in patients with newly diagnosed depressive disorder. Curr Eye Res. 2017;42(5):672-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2016.1236966 https://doi.org/10.1080/02713683.2016.12...
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The study shows the association between depression and dry eye syndrome (DED). |
Nepp J. 201644. Nepp J. Psychosomatische aspekte beim trockenen auge. Ophthalmologe. 2016;113(2):111-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00347-015-0187-3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00347-015-0187-...
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Patients with dry eye that is resistant to drug therapy often have symptoms of anxiety and depression. |
Han S.B. et al. 201755. Han SB, Yang HK, Hyon JY, Wee WR. Association of dry eye disease with psychiatric or neurological disorders in elderly patients. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:785-92. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S137580 https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S137580...
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The study reviews the main pathological and neurological conditions related to dry eyes, such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, chronic pain, and peripheral neuropathy. |
Galor A. et al. 201566. Galor A, Felix ER, Feuer W, Shalabi N, Martin ER, Margolis TP, et al. Dry eye symptoms align more closely to non-ocular conditions than to tear film parameters. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99(8):1126-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-306481 https://doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-201...
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Dry eye symptoms in patients are more related to non-ocular pain and depression than to alterations in the tear film. |
Hallak J.A. 201577. Hallak JA, Tibrewal S, Jain S. Depressive symptoms in patients with dry eye disease: a case-control study using the beck depression inventory. Cornea. 2015;34(12):1545-50. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0000000000000641 https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.000000000000...
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The study consisting of 53 patients with dry eye showed the association between dry eye pathology and the appearance of depressive symptoms. |
Koper E. et al. 201588. Koçer E, Koçer A, Özsütçü M, Dursun AE, Krpnar I. Dry eye related to commonly used new antidepressants. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;35(4):411-3. https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP0000000000000356 https://doi.org/10.1097/JCP0000000000000...
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A study with 57 control subjects using antidepressants proved the relationship between the use of selective serotonin receptor inhibitors and a higher risk of dry eye development in these patients. |
Zhang X. et al. 201999. Zhang X, Yin Y, Yue L, Gong L. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors aggravate depression-associated dry eye via activating the NF-κB pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60(1):407-19. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.18-25572 https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.18-25572...
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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors cause dry eye via activation of the NF-kB pathway, which is associated with inflammation and apoptosis of cells on the ocular surface. |
Wen W. et al. 20121010. Wen W, Wu Y, Chen Y, Gong L, Li M, Chen X, et al. Dry eye disease in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders in Shanghai. Cornea. 2012;31(6):686-92. https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0b013e3182261590 https://doi.org/10.1097/ICO.0b013e318226...
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DED is common in patients with depression and anxiety, especially in the elderly, with longer diagnostic times and in use of selective serotonin receptor inhibitors. |
Weatherby T.J.M. et al. 20191111. Weatherby TJM, Raman VRV, Agius M. Depression and dry eye disease: a need for an interdisciplinary approach? Psychiatr Danub. 2019;31(Suppl 3):619-21. PMID: 31488802
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A metanalysis with 22 studies showed a direct relationship between the severity of dry eye and the development of depression and anxiety. |
Acan D. et al. 20161212. Acan D, Kurtgoz P. Influence of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on ocular surface. Clin Exp Optom. 2017;100(1):83-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12415 https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12415...
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A study of 72 patients showed a possible relationship between selective serotonin receptor inhibitors and tear film instability. |
Mrugacz et al. 20171313. Mrugacz M, Ostrowska L, Bryl A, Szulc A, Zelazowska-Rutkowska B, Mrugacz G. Pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with clinical severity of dry eye disease of patients with depression. Adv Med Sci. 2017;62(2):338-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advms.2017.03.003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advms.2017.03....
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Lacrimal secretion samples were collected from 32 controls with depression using psychotropics that showed the participation of inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-7, and tumor necrosis alpha (IL-7 and TNF- α, respectively) in the development of dry eye in these patients. |
Sano K. et al. 20191414. Sano K, Kawashima M, Imada T, Suzuki T, Nakamura S, Mimura M, et al. Enriched environment alleviates stress-induced dry-eye through the BDNF axis. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):3422. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39467-w https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39467...
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The neurotrophic factor levels derived from the brain can be altered in patients with depression since this factor is responsible for alterations in lacrimal gland secretions. |
Wu M. et al. 20191515. Wu M, Liu X, Han J, Shao T, Wang Y. Association between sleep quality, mood status, and ocular surface characteristics in patients with dry eye disease. Cornea. 2019;38(3):311-7. https://doi.org/10.1097/IC0.0000000000001854 https://doi.org/10.1097/IC0.000000000000...
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Poor sleep quality, anxiety, and depression are conditions associated with decreased secretion of the tear gland and instability of the tear film. |