Effect of group hope therapy on self-efficacy of adolescents with type 1 diabetes

Nasim Nikbakhtan Esfahani

Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Department of Pediatric and Neonatal Nursing – Isfahan, Iran.

Sedigheh Talakoub

Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Department of Pediatric and Neonatal Nursing – Isfahan, Iran.

Soheila Jafari-Mianaei ^**Corresponding author: m_jafari@nm.mui.ac.ir

Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Department of Pediatric and Neonatal Nursing – Isfahan, Iran.

Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center – Isfahan, Iran.

Neda Mostofizadeh

Isfahan University of Medical Science, Metabolic liver Disease Research Center – Isfahan, Iran.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS

NNE: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. ST: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. SJM: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. NM: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal Analysis, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing.

Sessions	Content
1	Initial familiarization with the participants
2	The importance of having hope in life, its role in the problem-solving process, familiarizing the subjects with the features and effects of hope in life
3	Listening to the life story of each member of the group
4	Expressing the strengths of each member from the perspective of other group members
5	Introducing and writing a list of current events and important aspects of life by each member
6	Expressing the characteristics of goal setting based on Snyder's theory in optimistic subjects
7	Choosing the right solutions by each person to achieve the preset goals and teaching how to turn the pathways into small steps
8	An overview of the conducted interventions and providing solutions to create and maintain motivation

Component	Group	N°	Before the intervention		Immediately after the intervention		Two months after the intervention		Repeated-measures ANOVA
Component	Group	N°	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	F	df	p
Child and teenager self-efficacy	Intervention	23	80.96	10.37	86.52	11.63	89.95	13.17	7.34	20, 2	0.004
Child and teenager self-efficacy	Control	22	81.41	11.10	80.14	10.75	79.38	12.55	0.75	19, 2	0.480
Diabetes management self-efficacy	Intervention	23	131.25	31.32	153.26	35.01	154.73	36.79	8.76	20, 2	0.002
Diabetes management self-efficacy	Control	22	129.86	34.29	129.91	34.49	128.81	37.67	0.02	19, 2	0.980

Domains of child and teenager self-efficacy	Group	Before the intervention		Immediately after the intervention		Two months after the intervention		Repeated-measures ANOVA
Domains of child and teenager self-efficacy	Group	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	F	df	p
Total score	Intervention	80.96	10.37	86.52	11.63	89.95	13.17	7.34	20, 2	0.004
Total score	Control	81.41	11.10	80.14	10.75	79.38	12.55	0.75	19, 2	0.480
Social	Intervention	28.96	4.32	33.22	4.45	34.59	4.95	29.81	20, 2	<0.001
Social	Control	29.73	4.93	29.54	4.90	29.29	4.99	0.14	19, 2	0.870
Educational	Intervention	30.43	4.76	30.09	4.89	30.41	5.69	0.25	20, 2	0.780
Educational	Control	31.32	4.72	30.82	4.33	30.29	4.73	0.91	19, 2	0.420
Emotional	Intervention	21.57	4.74	23.22	4.45	24.95	5.08	5.18	20, 2	0.010
Emotional	Control	20.36	5.21	19.77	4.92	19.81	5.41	0.54	19, 2	0.590

Domains of child and teenager self-efficacy	Group	Before the intervention		Immediately after the intervention		Two months after the intervention		Repeated—measures ANOVA
Domains of child and teenager self-efficacy	Group	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD	F	df	P
Total score	Intervention	131.25	31.32	153.26	35.01	154.73	36.79	8.76	20, 2	0.002
Total score	Control	129.86	34.29	129.91	34.49	128.81	37.67	0.02	19, 2	0.980
Diet	Intervention	44.96	17.31	57.52	19.01	58.86	21.75	9.52	20, 2	0.001
Diet	Control	44.82	19.47	45	19.57	45.48	19.69	0.17	19, 2	0.840
Glucometry	Intervention	31.91	7.29	32.74	8.91	32.50	8.42	0.22	20, 2	0.800
Glucometry	Control	31.32	6.07	30.86	6.62	31	7.25	0.21	19, 2	0.810
Physical activity	Intervention	30.38	6.76	34.52	7.34	34.14	7.29	6.08	20, 2	0.009
Physical activity	Control	29.64	9.58	29.59	8.35	28.67	8.52	0.16	19, 2	0.850
Drug administration	Intervention	24	4.48	28.48	4.57	29.26	2.22	20.79	20, 2	<0.001
Drug administration	Control	24.09	6.29	24.45	6.41	23.67	7.95	0.49	19, 2	0.620

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