Wang et al.1717. Wang X, Xu X, Luo J, Chen Z, Feng S. Effect of app-based audio guidance pelvic floor muscle training on treatment of stress urinary incontinence in primiparas: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud. 2020;104:103527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103527 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020....
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RCT |
108 primiparous woman 1.Audio guidance group (n=54) 2-Control Group (n=54) |
Participants in the intervention group received audio guidance training. – The pelvic floor muscle training practice guide is as follows: participants were directed to lie in the supine position bending the hips and knees and to relax the abdomen and hip muscles while selectively contracting and breathing the urethra, vagina and anus muscles. Meanwhile, the researchers were asked to evaluate on the abdomen, and on the other hand, by placing the participants on their hips and/and middle fingers in their vagina with postpartum sterile gloves to determine if the participants could properly contract and contract these muscles. – The general principles of training were: training at least two times per day and 15 minutes per time, or 150 contractions per day; keep training for at least 3 months. Researchers called the participants of the two groups once a month to answer their questions related to training or stress incontinence and encourage them to keep on training for at least 3 months. |
The control group eceiving conventional home-based training through random looting. |
– Interventions group (n=6) – Control group (n=4) |
FSFI |
Participants were not significant in 6 groups postpartum sexual function in both groups during the study (p=0.007) |
Pourkhiz et al.1010. Pourkhiz Z, Mohammad-Alizadeh S, Mirghafourvand M, Haj-Ebrahimi S, Ghaderi F. Effect of pelvic floor muscle training on female sexual function during pregnancy and postpartum: a randomized controlled trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2017;19(10):e63218. https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.63218 https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.63218...
İran |
RCT |
84 primiparous woman 1-PFM training group (n=41) 2-usual care group (n=41) |
PFM: at least twice a day, 8–12 contractions at each time, holding for 6–8 s. Start from 36 to 37 weeks and after giving birth as soon as one can FSFI SQOL-F: the mean total sexual function and sexual quality of life score was greater in the PFM training group; (p < 0.001) One in each group |
Control: routine care |
– PFM (n=1) – Control (n=1) One in each group |
FSFI SQOL-F |
the mean total sexual function and sexual quality of life score was greater in the PFM training group; (p<0.001) |
Tennfjord et al.1515. Tennfjord MK, Hilde G, Staer-Jensen J, Siafarikas F, Engh ME, Bø K. Effect of postpartum pelvic floor muscle training on vaginal symptoms and sexual dysfunction-secondary analysis of a randomised trial. BJOG. 2016;123(4):634-42. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13823 https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13823...
Norway |
RCT |
175 primiparous woman 1-PFMT training group (n=87) 2-control group (n=88) |
- The training group attended a weekly PFMT class for 4 months, starting 6 weeks postpartum. Also they did daily three sets of 8–12 PFM contractions at home. At 6 weeks (baseline) and 6 months postpartum women answered an electronic questionnaire. |
-Control: routine care |
– Interventions group (n=3) – Control groups (n=10) |
ICIQ-FLUTSsex |
No difference was seen between case and control groups in symptoms related to sexual dysfunction during 6 months of postpartum |
Oakley et al.1111. Oakley SH, Ghodsi VC, Crisp CC, Estanol MV, Westermann LB, Novicki KM, Kleeman SD, Pauls RN. Impact of pelvic floor physical therapy on quality of life and function after obstetric anal sphincter injury: a randomized controlled trial. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2016;22(4):205-13. https://doi.org/10.1097/SPV.0000000000000255 https://doi.org/10.1097/SPV.000000000000...
, Ohio |
RCT |
50 primiparous woman 1-PFPT group (n=27), 2-control group (n=23) |
- The intervention group did PFPT with biofeedback and received Behavioral therapy. The intervention arm completed four 60-min PFPT sessions which beginning at week 6 after delivery. Both groups completed questionnaires as well at baseline (week 2) and weeks 12 postpartum. |
Control: routine care |
– Interventions group (n=2) – Control group (n=2) |
FSFI, FIQOL, SF-12, UDI-6, IIQ-7, FISI |
Both groups significantly improved in physical health (p<0.000) and sexual function (p<0.000) after 12 weeks of postpartum, but there was no difference between two groups. |
Golmakani et al.1616. Golmakani N, Zare Z, Khadem N, Shareh H, Shakeri MT. The effect of pelvic floor muscle exercises program on sexual self-efficacy in primiparous women after delivery. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2015;20(3):347-53. PMID: 26120335, Meşhed, İran |
RCT |
79 primiparous woman 1-PFMT training group (n=40) 2-control group (n=39) |
After 8 week of delivery women were trained to Contract their pelvic floor muscles for 5–10 s and relax for 5–10 s and repeating this exercise for 20 times (for 5 min). After 2 min of rest, they again had to perform this exercise for 3 times of 5 min. so that a total of 20 min of exercise is performed at each time. Twice daily, each time 15–20 times depending on their ability. 4 and 8 weeks after the beginning of the study compared in both group |
Control: routine care |
–Interventions group (n=12) – Control group (n=13) |
Brink scale, Bailes sexual self-efficacy |
Comparison of the two groups presented a significant difference in sexual self-efficacy after performing these exercises (p=0.001). |
Haruna et al.1414. Haruna M, Watanabe E, Matsuzaki M, Ota E, Shiraishi M, Murayama R, Yoshida M, Yeo SA. The effects of an exercise program on health-related quality of life in postpartum mothers: A randomized controlled trial. Health. 2013;5(3):432-9. https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2013.53058 https://doi.org/10.4236/health.2013.5305...
, Tokyo |
RCT |
95 primiparous woman 1-Intervention group; (n=48), 2-control group; (n=47) |
Exercise classes were held 4 times weekly for 4 weeks, 90 min each, at three months postpartum. The exercise class included: aerobic exercise (50–60 min) where the participant sits and bounces on an exercise ball. The outcome measures were assessed at two months postpartum (baseline) and at four months postpartum (outcome). |
Control: routine care |
– Interventions group (n=2) – Control group (n=4) |
SF-36v2 |
The postpartum exercise class improved health-related QOL in the training group compared to the control group, although there were no significant differences in the Physical and Mental component of quality of life between the groups. |
Çıtak et al.1212. itak N, Cam C, Arslan H, Karateke A, Tug N, Ayaz R, Celik C. Postpartum sexual function of women and the effects of early pelvic floor muscle exercises. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2010;89(6):817-22. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016341003801623 https://doi.org/10.3109/0001634100380162...
, Turkey |
RCT |
75 primiparous woman 1-PFM training group (n=37) 2-control group (n=38) |
- In the 4th postpartum month women were trained to do PFM contraction. 2–3 s contraction and relaxation, ten times a day in the first 15 days. Thereafter, the duration of contraction and relaxation was changed to five seconds. Then increase the durations to 10seconds and the number of workouts to 15 sessions/day up to the end of the study. The results of both groups, obtained in the 4th and 7th postpartum months, were compared |
Control: routine care |
–Interventions group (n=21) – Control group (n=22) |
FSFI |
All domains except satisfaction were significantly higher in the training group compared with the controls. sexual arousal, lubrication, orgasm, and satisfaction scores were improved in the 7th month in the training group;(P < 0.001) |
Reilly et al.1313. Reilly ET, Freeman RM, Waterfield MR, Waterfield AE, Steggles P, Pedlar F. Prevention of postpartum stress incontinence in primigravidae with increased bladder neck mobility: a randomised controlled trial of antenatal pelvic floor exercises. BJOG. 2002;109(1):68-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.t01-1-01116.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002...
, UK |
RCT |
230 primiparous woman 1-PFE training group (n=120) 2-control group (n=110) |
The exercises comprised three repetitions of eight contractions each held for six seconds, with two minutes rest between repetitions. These were repeated twice daily. At 34 weeks of gestation the number of contractions per repetition was increased to 12. |
Control: routine care |
– Interventions group (n=52) –Control group (n=47) |
King’s Health Questionnaire, SF-36 |
At 3 months, there was no difference between the intervention groups on any of the eight scales of the Kings Health Questionnaire. higher score for the general health measure in the Short Form-36 in those in the exercise group compared with the control group |