GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RAINFALL AND THE INCREMENT IN DIAMETER AT DIFFERENT PLANTING SPACINGS

CRESCIMENTO E SOBREVIVÊNCIA DE Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel, E A RELAÇÃO ENTRE A PRECIPITAÇÃO E O INCREMENTO DIAMÉTRICO EM DIFERENTES ESPAÇAMENTOS DE PLANTIO

ABSTRACT

Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel is a species that has good potential for reclamation of degraded soils. The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the growth and survival of the species and the influence of rainfall on growth in diameter as a function of different spacings (4 m x 2 m, 4 m x 3 m, and 4 m x 4 m). The results indicate that the temporal analysis (period from November 2007 to August 2013) detected significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in height between the 4 m x 2 m and 4 m x 4 m spacings, while no significant difference in diameter was found between the 4 m x 2 m and 4 m x 3 m spacings. However, the statistical differences did not persist when the data was analyzed at seven and half years old. Regarding survival, a significant difference was observed only between the 4 m x 4 m spacing and the others, with superiority to the former. A strong correlation was found between rainfall and the increment in diameter of individuals in the broader spacings (R = 0.80 in the 4 m x 3 m spacing and R = 0.77 in the 4 m x 4 m spacing), while in the denser spacing the correlation was moderate (R = 0.56 in the 4 m x 2 m spacing). Since the spacings adopted did not influence tree growth by the end of the period, the choice will depend on other factors such as survival and costs of implementation and forestry management. Plantations in regions with larger rainfall amplitude may benefit the productivity of the species.

Keywords:
Forest species; Forestry; Climatic factors

RESUMO

O Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel é uma espécie que apresenta bom potencial para recuperação de solos degradados. O objetivo da investigação foi avaliar o crescimento e a sobrevivência da espécie e a influência da precipitação pluviométrica no crescimento em diâmetro em função de diferentes espaçamentos (4m x 2m; 4m x 3m; e, 4m x 4m). Os resultados obtidos apontam que na análise temporal (período de novembro de 2007 a agosto de 2013) foram encontradas diferenças significativas (p ≤ 0,05) em altura entre os espaçamentos 4m x 2m e 4m x 4m, enquanto em diâmetro houve diferença significativa entre os espaçamentos 4m x 2m e 4m x 3m. Entretanto, as diferenças estatísticas não persistiram ao se analisarem os dados aos sete anos e meio de idade. Para a sobrevivência observou-se diferença significativa apenas entre o espaçamento 4m x 4m e os demais, com superioridade para o primeiro. Verificou-se forte correlação entre a precipitação com o incremento diamétrico dos indivíduos nos espaçamentos mais amplos (R = 0,80, no espaçamento 4m x 3m; e, R = 0,77, no espaçamento 4m x 4m), enquanto no espaçamento mais adensado houve correlação moderada (R = 0,56, no espaçamento 4m x 2m). Considerando que os espaçamentos adotados não influenciaram o crescimento das árvores, ao final do período, a sua escolha dependerá de outros fatores como a sobrevivência e os custos de implantação e tratos silviculturais dos plantios. Plantios em regiões com amplitude maiores de precipitação poderão beneficiar a produtividade da espécie.

Palavras-chave:
Espécies florestais; Silvicultura; Fatores climáticos

1. INTRODUCTION

After an area is disturbed and, if it cannot maintain resilience, i.e., loses the ability to naturally return to a dynamic balance, it is considered degraded. On the other hand, a disturbed ecosystem is capable of resilience (MARTINS, 2013).

Planted forest can be used to restore and maintain Permanent Preservation Areas by protecting springs and streams and preventing river silting, restoring Legal Reserve areas, enabling the rendering of environmental services, and reincorporating areas to the productive process in rural properties, thus providing an additional source of income to the land owner (FERREIRA; GALVÃO, 2000; JANKOWSKY; GALVÃO, 2000; BRIENZA JÚNIOR et al., 2008; MEDRADO et al., 2011).

In order for an area to be recovered, productive techniques that are appropriate to the degraded environment must be chosen. In fact, the techniques chosen are based merely aiming to quickly resolve the local aesthetics or to meet the requirements of environmental legislations with no concern about recovering the ecosystem balance (FERREIRA et al., 2007).

It is important to choose the spacing of forest plantations taking into account not only the final use of the wood, but also the ecological and silvicultural characteristics of the species. It must also be observed that, within the same spacing, different species may not behave the same way (BALLONI; SIMÕES, 1980).

Spacing impacts plant growth rate, felling age, wood quality, forest exploration and management, and production costs. Thus, the choice of spacing influences silvicultural, technological, and economic aspects (BALLONI; SIMÕES, 1980; CASTRO et al., 1998; CHIES, 2005). Therefore, it is important to select appropriate species and the most adequate spacing to recover degraded areas.

Climate is another relevant factor since it influences growth and productivity in plantations. Dendroclimatology presents methods to assess the relation between climate factors and tree growth. The techniques applied in the tree growth analyses in relation to climate are important for natural sciences since they provide knowledge to researchers regarding the impacts of climate changes on forests, as well as on how to improve silvicultural techniques (NUTTO; WATZLAWICK, 2002).

Several species are important to recover degraded areas and several factors must be considered, among which: rusticity, quick growth, and ability to cycle nutrients (SOUZA et al., 2004). Freitas et al. (2012) indicates the species Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel to recover degraded areas both in conditions where saplings have full sunlight and 50% shade. Souza et al. (2004) adds that this species has good potential to recover degraded soils, produces high litter deposition, and enables greater diversity to the area through the establishment of other species.

The present study aimed to research the influence of spacing on the growth in height and diameter and on the survival of planted Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel trees and to assess the influence of precipitation on the periodic current increment (PCI) in the diameter of trees planted in three spacings in order to further silvicultural knowledge so that the most appropriate spacing can be chosen to recover degraded land in legal reserve areas.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

This experiment was carried out in homogeneous Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel plantations seven and a half years old at Gênesis Farm in the city of Dom Eliseu, PA, Brazil, km 49, BR-222 (latitude 04° 33' 10" S and longitude 47° 49' 0" W).

The saplings were planted in February 2006. Prior to planting, the pits received 200 g nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer at a 10:28:20 ratio. After planting, top dressings (75 g 10:28:20 NPK) were carried out in the beginning and at the end of the rainy season (SOUSA, 2011).

The local soil was identified as moderate-texture, very clayey dystrophic yellow latosol A (SOUSA, 2011).

The climate is humid mesothermal and the mean annual temperature is approximately 25 °C. Annual rainfall is regular, ranging from 2,250 mm to 2,500 mm, however, it is not evenly distributed along the year. Approximately 80% of rainfall is concentrated between January and June, causing the maximum flood level of rivers. Relative air humidity is around 85% (PARÁ, 2013).

According to Sousa (2011), the vegetation in the experimental area prior to planting was characterized as a tropical rainforest, which was cleared in October 2005 for use of the wood.

The experimental area is considered disturbed since it had forest coverage before the planting and was deforested. However, it did not lose its resilience capacity and, even if it had not been replanted, could return to its original state.

Data were collected in random sample plots with four repetitions for each of the spacings (4 m x 2 m, 4 m x 3 m, and 4 m x 4 m). Each spacing was employed in two 50 m x 60 m plots (3,000 m²) for a total of 18,000 m² planted with Sclerolobium paniculatum.

Height was measured with a Vertex IV hypsometer while diameter at breast height (DBH) was measured with a diameter tape in November 2007, April and October 2008, May 2009, October 2010 and 2012, and August 2013. The rainfall data were obtained from the National Institute of Meteorology (Instituto Nacional the Meteorologia - INMET).

The softwares Excel 2010, SAS 9.0, and Statistica 8 were used to apply analysis of variance to the variables height and diameter and, when significant, Tukey's test (5%) was applied to compare the means.

The analyses of height and DBH for all years of measurement were performed by comparing the samples taking into account the collection dates and the three different spacings.

For analyses of the last year of measurement, August 2013, the samples were compared taking into account the collection date and the three different spacings.

A categorical data model was employed to assess the number of surviving individuals in each spacing. When the goal is to test the hypothesis that all response probabilities are the same for all spacings, the test is known as homogenicity test. This homogenicity hypothesis can be tested by using the chi-squared statistics or the maximum likelihood ratio (PAULINO; SINGER, 2006).

In each period, the mean PCI of each measurement of the diameter of the individuals for each treatment was correlated through Pearson coefficient with the accumulated rainfall. For the latter parameter, the correlation with the period immediately before was investigated.

Pearson correlation coefficient (1982) verifies how much two or more variables are linked by a statistical relation. The values range from +1 to -1. A strong correlation has values ≥ ±0.70, a moderate correlation has values between ± 0.30 and 0.70, and a weak correlation has values ≤ 0.30.

3. RESULTS

3.1. Growth in Height and Diameter

Table 1 shows that there is a regression, i.e., the response variables (height and DBH) depend on the explanatory variables (date and/or spacing).

Table 1
Analysis of variance of the variables height and DBH of Sclerolobium paniculatum for all measurement periods.
Tabela 1
Análise de variância da variável altura e DAP de Sclerolobium paniculatum para todos os períodos de medição.

Source	DF			Sum of squares			Mean squares			F			p > F
	H	DBH		H	DBH		H	DBH		H	DBH		H	DBH
Model	8	8		54,474.76687	23,120.07418		6,809.34586	2,890.00927		1,725.49	343.87		0.0001	0.0001
Error	1,252	1,141		4,940.80980	9,589.50359		3.94633	8.40447
Total correction	1,260	1,149		59,415.57667	32,709.57777
Date	6	6		54,442.06583	23,058.93457		9,073.67764	3,843.15576		2,299.27	457.28		0.0001	0.0001
Spacing	2	2		32.70104	61.13961		16.35052	30.56980		4.14	3.64		0.0161	0.0266

• 5% significance level .
  Nível de significância a 5%.
• Source: The author.
  Fonte: Da autora.

Tukey's test showed a significant difference (p < 0.0229) in height between the 4 m x 2 m and 4 m x 4 m spacings. Height did not significantly differ between the 4 m x 2 m and 4 m x 3 m spacings (p < 0.0968) or between 4 m x 3 m and 4 m x 4 m (p < 0.7649).

The mean height for all measurement periods (Table 2) was the greatest in the 4 m x 2 m spacing and the lowest in 4 m x 4 m, however, neither significantly differed at a 5% level from the 4 m x 3 m spacing. The opposite occurred for the DBH values, which where the highest for the less dense spacings.

Table 2
Tukey’s test for the variables height and DBH of Sclerolobium paniculatum in different spacings for all measurement periods.
Tabela 2
Teste de Tukey para as variáveis altura e DAP de Sclerolobium paniculatum em diferentes espaçamentos para todos os períodos de medição.

Spacings	Mean H (m)	Mean DBH (cm)
4m x 2m	10.14 a	7.949 a
4m x 3m	9.87 ab	8.421 b
4m x 4m	9.76 b	8.416 ab

• Means followed by the same letter do not differ at 5% level.
  As médias seguidas da mesma letra não diferem entre si em nível de 5%.
• Source: The author.
  Fonte: Da autora.

Tukey's test showed a significant difference (p < 0.0489) in diameter between the 4 m x 2 m and 4 m x 3 m spacings. Diameter did not significantly differ between the 4 m x 2 m and 4 m x 4 m spacings (p < 0.0783) or between 4 m x 3 m and 4 m x 4 m (p < 0.9997) (Table 2).

The analysis of variance for the final mean height and DBH, at seven and a half years old, did not show a significant difference at a 5% level, i.e., there was no regression and the response variables (height and DBH) are independent from the explanatory variable (spacing) (Table 3).

Table 3
Analysis of variance of the variables height and DBH of Sclerolobium paniculatum for the last measurement period.
Tabela 3
Análise de variância da variável altura e DAP de Sclerolobium paniculatum para o último período de medição.

Source	DF	Sum of squares			Mean squares			F			p
		H	DBH		H	DBH		H	DBH		H	DBH
Model	2	18.541949	38.025243		9.270974	19.012621		1.16	0.86		0.3169	0.4253
Error	152	1216.855729	3361.532177		8.005630	22.115343
Total	154	1235.397677	3399.557419

• 5% significance level.
  Nível de significância a 5%.
• Source: The author.
  Fonte: Da autora.

3.2. Tree Survival

A trend for greater survival in broader spacings was found. Survival was the greatest (78.3%) in the least dense spacing, 4 m x 4 m, and the lowest (51.8%) in the densest spacing, 4 m x 2 m. The 4 m x 3 m spacing had 62.5% survival.

Significant differences were found in the response likelihoods among the spacings (Table 4). It can be seen that survival differed between the 4 m x 2 m and 4 m x 4 m spacings and between 4 m x 3 m and 4 m x 4 m, but not between 4 m x 2 m and 4 m x 3 m, which did not significantly differed.

Table 4
Analysis of variance and comparison of the variable survival of Sclerolobium paniculatum at seven and a half years old among spacings.
Tabela 4
Análise de variância e comparação da variável sobrevivência de Sclerolobium paniculatum com sete anos e meio de idade entre os espaçamentos.

Source	DF	Chi-squared	p > chi-squared
Intercept	1	464.49	0.0001
Spacing	2	13.96	0.0009
Residue	0
Contrast
4 m x 2 m & 4 m x 3 m	1	2.23	0.1358
4 m x 2 m & 4 m x 4 m	1	13.93	0.0002
4 m x 3 m & 4 m x 4 m	1	4.35	0.0369

• 5% significance level.
  Nível de significância a 5%.
• Source: The author.
  Fonte: Da autora.

3.3. Ratio between Rainfall and Diameter Increase

Pearson coefficient showed that rainfall and PCI in diameter were strongly correlated with rainfall for the 4 m x 3 m (R = 0.802) and the 4 m x 4 m (R = 0.767) spacings, while the correlation between rainfall and PCI in diameter for the 4 m x 2 m spacing was moderate (R = 0.562).

The p value in each spacing was not significant at a 5% level. The relation of rainfall with the 4 m x 2 m spacing obtained p = 0.245; with the 4 m x 3 m spacing, p = 0.055; and with the 4 m x 4 m spacing, p = 0.075.

4. DISCUSSION

The mean height assessed over the measurement period (Table 2) increased as spacing decreased. Opposite results were found by Sousa (2011) when assessing the growth in height of Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby at 40 months old in the same experimental area as this study. That author obtained greater final mean height in the 4 m x 3 m and 4 m x 3.5 m spacings, which significantly differed compared to the 4 m x 2 m and 4 m x 4 m spacings.

Greater growth in diameter (Table 2) was observed in the 4 m x 3 m and 4 m x 4 m spacings, which match the results by Castro et al. (1998), Sousa (2011), and Leite et al. (1997). Those authors also found that the mean diameter tended to be greater in the broader spacings.

The fact the growth values did not significantly differ among the three spacings corroborate the results found by Castro et al. (1998), who also did not detect a significant effect of the final mean height in planted Sclerolobium paniculatum at seven years old and pointed out that, at this age, the influence of the competition for light and/or nutrients was not reached in the differences spacings. Nevertheless, those authors reported that the greatest height values were found in broader spacings, which is the opposite of the present study. The greater height in less dense plantations in that study might have been because the experiment was carried out in the Cerrado of the state of Amapá, whose characteristics are different from the site of the present study.

The results of height and DBH found in this study are also similar to those reported by Chies (2005) when studying the influence of spacing on the variables height and DBH in the species Pinus taeda L. That author concluded that smaller spacings had lower growth in diameter likely because of greater competition for water, light, and nutrients, which led to greater growth in height.

Souza et al. (2004) recommend 3 m x 2 m spacing in the initial plantation of Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel with the purpose of producing wood in the low-fertility conditions of the Amazon and performing thinning after two years to allow the trees to grow in diameter. However, it is worth pointing out that, if wood production is targeted at energy generation, the trees could be harvested at seven years with no need for thinning even with this spacing.

In an assay carried out by Souza et al. (2010) with 14 species planted under full insolation and ten species planted in secondary forests, Acacia mangium and Sclerolobium paniculatum obtained the best performances in height and mean annual increment (MAI) in height at six years old for both plantation conditions. The DBH of these two species also stood out in the plantation in secondary forest, however, in the assay under full insolation, Sclerolobium paniculatum fell into the group of species with intermediate performance, with DBHs above 10 cm and MAIs in DBH above 1.8 cm.year^-1.

Results similar to the ones in the present study were reported by Castro et al. (1998) regarding survival in a study with the same species, Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel, and at virtually the same age as the present one (7 years old). Those authors found that the survival of that species did not significantly differ, with 94% survival in the largest (3 m x 2.5 m) and smallest (2 m x 1 m) spacings. However, the greatest survival was found for the 2 m x 2 m spacing at 97%, while the 2.5 m x 2 m and 1.5 m x 1.5m spacings had 93% survival.

Sclerolobium paniculatum was one of the species with the highest survival rates in the study by Yared et al. (1988), who found that in a plantation with 15 species in Belterra, PA, Brazil, the species with the best survival at five and a half years old were Laetia procera (Poepp.) Eichler at 96.7%, Sclerolobium paniculatum Vogel at 94.7%, and Enterolobium schomburgkii (Benth.) Benth at 93.2%.

Sousa (2011) found results similar to those in this study when analyzing the survival of Schizolobium parahyba var. amazonicum (Huber ex Ducke) Barneby at 40 months old in different spacings. That author verified that the plants in the denser spacings, 4 m x 2 m and 4 m x 2.5 m, had the lowest survival rate at 82.2% and 73.8%, while the 4 m x 4 m spacing, less dense, had the highest survival rate at 91.4%. The author justifies that, when individuals are planted closer to one another, they compete for more space, water, and nutrients, which may cause greater tree mortality.

Brienza Júnior et al. (2011) observed that survival of Sclerolobium paniculatum was 83.8% at 12 months old in a plantation with 2 m x 1 m spacing. This result is above the ones in the present study in broader spacings, however, when these results are compared, it must be taken into account that the plantation in Brienza Júnior et al. (2011) was only one year old, while in this study the plantation was seven and a half years old.

In the assay by Souza et al. (2010), Sclerolobium paniculatum was not one of the species with the highest survival rates, at 63.9% in the plantation under full sunlight and 27.8% in the plantation in secondary forest at approximately 25 years old. The result of survival in the plantation under full sunlight is around the same as in the plantation in the 4 m x 3 m spacing in the present study. Freitas et al. (2012) suggests this species be planted under full insolation or with 50% shade. It can be seen that, in the plantation in the old secondary forest, survival was very low and that the denser spacing (4 m x 2 m), which provides more shade between trees, had the lowest survival.

The increment in diameter of trees in the 4 m x 3 m and 4 m x 4 m spacings were more influenced by rainfall than those in the 4 m x 2 m spacing. The growth in diameter of the individuals may also have been influenced by other meteorological factors (BOTOSO; VETTER, 1991) not considered in this research such as relative humidity, maximum and minimum temperatures, and solar radiation.

The different plantation densities also impacted tree growth. The broader spacings were strongly correlated with rainfall, similarly to what was reported in a study on population density of Eucalyptus grandis in which Leite et al. (1997) observed that, in the period with more water availability in the soil, the trees in the less dense plantations grew more compared with the denser plantations. That may be because of less competition for water among the individuals (PAULESKI, 2010).

Results similar to those in the present study were found in a similar study by Montagner and Yared (1983), where the increment in DBH of Cordia goeldiana Huber had a highly significant positive correlation with rainfall (R = 0.70).

Dias (2009) assessed the mean monthly increment (MMI) in diameter of trees as a function of rainfall in a dryland primary forest in the central Amazon and found that the variation in increment is related to the rainfall rate and that the higher MMI values occurred in the months with high rainfall rates, while the lowest increments occurred in the less rainy months. The same relations were observed by Botoso and Vetter (1991) in a study on the growth rate of eight tree species in the Amazon. The results showed low or sometimes no increment in circumference in the periods with low rainfall.

The relation between rainfall and mean increment in diameter of other forest species had opposite results to this study, with low values between R = -0.21 with 0.485 significance for the regional species Blepharocalyx salicifolius Kunth and R = 0.257 with 0.396 significance for the invasive exotic Hovenia dulcis Thunb. in a mixed ombrophilous alluvial forest in the Brazilian state of Paraná (KANIESKI et al., 2012).

Machado et al. (2014) also found a weak correlation between rainfall and increment in diameter of Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze at R = 0.15 and a moderate correlation with the increment of Pinus taeda L. at R = 0.32, with both species in the initial phase. With this result, those authors reveal that the increment in diameter of A. angustifolia is little sensitive to climate variations and is more impacted by energy stores and metabolic activities, factors related to a step in the adaptation of the species to the area.

5. CONCLUSION

According to the results found, it can be concluded that:

For the variable height, no differences were observed among the plantation densities and any of the spacings can be used. Thus, the choice of spacing will depend on other factors such as purpose and financial conditions available;

The less dense spacings showed greater growth in diameter, which make them possible options for plantation since they require fewer saplings and are more financially viable;

The survival rate increased as spacing increased, with the highest survival rate found in the less dense spacing, which may have been due to less competition among the trees for natural resources;

The correlation between rainfall and increment in diameter was moderate to strong, which shows the sensitivity of this species's growth to water availability.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  May-Jun 2016

History

• Received
  23 Oct 2014
• Accepted
  03 Mar 2016