ANALYSIS OF THE WORLDWIDE CONCENTRATION OF PELLET IMPORTS (2012-2018)

Soares, Helena Cristina Carvalho; Souza, Álvaro Nogueira de; Santos Júnior, Edvaldo Pereira; Nunes, Anna Manuella Melo; Joaquim, Maísa Santos; Coelho Junior, Luiz Moreira

doi:10.1590/1806-908820210000040

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Scientific Article • Rev. Árvore 45 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-908820210000040 copy

ANALYSIS OF THE WORLDWIDE CONCENTRATION OF PELLET IMPORTS (2012-2018)

ANÁLISE DA CONCENTRAÇÃO MUNDIAL DAS IMPORTAÇÕES DE PELLETS (2012-2018)

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Faced with the transition in the global energy structure with the shift in consumption of fossil fuels to renewable and clean sources, there has been an increase in the demand for forest biomass for energy purposes, especially wood pellets, and imports have grown in recent years. Therefore, this study analyzed the world concentration of pellet imports from 2012 to 2018. Data on pellet imports were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and the following indicators were used to measure the concentration: Concentration Ratio [CR(k)], Hirschman-Herfindal Index (HHI), Theil Entropy Index (E), Gini Inequality Coefficient (G) and the Hall-Tideman Index (HTI). The results showed a growth of 16.67% p.a. of global pellet imports, from 8.76 million tons (t) in 2012 to 22.15 million tons in 2018. The CR(k) indicated very high concentration for countries and high in the subcontinents. The HHI showed a high concentration for continents and subcontinents and a moderate concentration for countries. Entropy and HTI corroborated the analyzes found in the HHI. The G pointed out strong inequality for all territorial levels and showed trends towards a reduction in inequality as of 2015. The reduction in the concentration in the final years of study is related to the expansion and technological diffusion of energy conversion of the densified biomass, which makes this fuel more affordable.

Keywords:
Bioenergy; Densified biomass; Forest economy

Table 1 Concentration and inequality measures.

Indices	Equation	Interval
Concentration ratio	$C R (k) = \sum_{i = 1}^{K} S_{i}$	$0 \leq CR (k) \leq 1$	Eq. 2
Herfindahl-Hirschman	$H H I = \sum_{i = 1}^{n} S_{i}^{2}$	$1 / n \leq H H I \leq 1$	Eq. 3
Adjusted Herfindahl-Hirschman Index	$H H I^{'} = \frac{1}{n - 1} (n * H H I - 1); n > 1$	$0 \leq H H I ’ \leq 1$	Eq. 4
Theil Entropy Index	$E = - \sum_{i = 1}^{n} S_{i} \ln (S_{i})$	$0 \leq E \leq \ln (S_{i})$	Eq. 5
Adjusted Theil Entropy Index	$E^{'} = - \frac{1}{\ln n} \sum_{i = 1}^{n} S_{i} \ln (S_{i})$	$0 \leq E ’ \leq 1$	Eq. 6
Gini Coefficient Index	$G = 1 - \frac{[\sum_{i - 1}^{n} (S_{i j} + S_{i})]}{n}$	$0 \leq G \leq 1$	Eq. 7
Hall-Tideman Index	$H T I = \frac{1}{2 \sum_{i = 1}^{n} (i . S_{i}) - 1}$	$0 \leq HTI \leq 1$	Eq. 8

Table 2 Evolution of the ten pellet importing countries and Brazil, based on 2018, and the import ranking of the ten countries and Brazil in thousand tons (x103 t) from 2012 to 2018.

	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	GGR (%)
United Kingdom	1,486.88	3389	4,757.14	6,573.19	6,781.61	6,885.24	7,046.96	29.6
Denmark	2016	2236	2256.1	2072	2053	2818	3813	11.21
South Korea	122.45	484.67	1,849.64	1,470.68	1,716.64	2,431.17	3,445.14	74.4
Italy	1197	1,748.73	1,935.96	1,653.6	1,663.82	1,792.55	2,242	11.03
Belgium	970.47	896.19	657.76	985.62	906.48	1,090.92	1,137.3	2.68
Japan	71.98	83.77	96.75	232.43	346.86	506.35	1,059.54	56.55
Germany	347.47	546.62	419.38	445.79	443.1	431.59	390.24	1.95
Sweden	493.04	712.65	521.63	354.94	267.98	272.26	379.96	−4.25
Austria	272.14	385.46	343.85	367.84	392.2	403.47	360.04	4.78
France	25.63	92.02	170.63	157.26	248.86	270.77	274.77	48.49
Brazil	0.31	1.16	0.45	0.37	0.82	0.87	1.28	27.05
Rest of the world	1,779.96	1,479.22	1,578.79	1,351	1,565.1	1,797.63	2,001.2	1.97
World	8,785.33	12,057.5	14,590.08	15,666.73	16,388.48	18,702.83	22,153.45	16.67
1st	DNK	GBR	GBR	GBR	GBR	GBR	GBR
2nd	GBR	DNK	DNK	DNK	DNK	DNK	DNK	-
3rd	ITA	ITA	ITA	ITA	ROK	ROK	ROK
4th	NLD	BEL	ROK	ROK	ITA	ITA	ITA	-
5th	BEL	SWE	BEL	BEL	BEL	BEL	BEL	-
6th	SWE	DEU	SWE	DEU	DEU	JPN	JPN	-
7th	DEU	NLD	NLD	AUT	AUT	DEU	DEU	-
8th	AUT	ROK	DEU	SWE	JPN	AUT	SWE	-
9th	POL	AUT	AUT	JPN	SWE	SWE	AUT	-
10th	ROK	USA	USA	USA	FRA	FRA	FRA	-
Brazil	44º	41º	51º	52º	49º	55º	52º	-
No. of countries	76	85	85	92	89	91	90	-

Sociedade de Investigações Florestais Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP: 36570-900 - Viçosa - Minas Gerais - Brazil, Tel: (55 31) 3612-3959 - Viçosa - MG - Brazil
E-mail: rarvore@sif.org.br

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