| 01 |
Campaigns geographical amplitude |
Donors tend to donate more for national campaigns (Casale & Baumann, 2013Casale and Baumann, 2013 Casale, D., & Baumann, A. (2013). Who gives to international causes? A sociodemographic analysis of us donors. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, .; Van Leeuwen & Wiepking, 2013Van Leeuwen and Wiepking, 2013 Van Leeuwen, M. H., & Wiepking, P. (2013). National campaigns for charitable causes a literature review. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 42(2), 219-240.) |
| 02 |
Appearance of the donation beneficiary |
A beneficiary with a good image tends to be more likely to be considered worthy of donation (Sargeant & Woodliffe, 2007Sargeant and Woodliffe, 2007 Sargeant, A., & Woodliffe, L. (2007). Gift giving: An interdisciplinary review. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 12(4), 275-307.) |
| 03 |
Donor service |
Donor service is essential for maintaining the donation of money and/or goods (Mainardes et al., 2015Mainardes et al., 2015 Mainardes, E. W., Laurett, R., Degasperi, N. C. P., & Lasso, S. V. (2015). Personal characteristics and external motivators as antecedents to the act of money and/or goods donation. In International congress of the International Association on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 14, 2015, Vitória (ES). Anais... Vitória: IAPNM.) |
| 04 |
Beneficiaries seen as innocent |
Donor's perception of beneficiary being innocent increases donation propensity (Van Leeuwen & Wiepking, 2013Van Leeuwen and Wiepking, 2013 Van Leeuwen, M. H., & Wiepking, P. (2013). National campaigns for charitable causes a literature review. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 42(2), 219-240.) |
| 05 |
Catastrophe |
Individuals tend to donate in times of environmental catastrophes and public calamities (Smith and McSweeney, 2007Smith and McSweeney, 2007 Smith, J. R., & McSweeney, A. (2007). Charitable giving: The effectiveness of a revised theory of planned behaviour model in predicting donating intentions and behaviour. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 17(5), 363-386.) |
| 06 |
Climate conditions |
Individuals are more likely to donate money to charity when the weather is mild, neither too hot nor too cold (Bekkers & Wiepking, 2007Bekkers and Wiepking, 2007 Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2007). Understanding philanthropy: A review of 50 years of theories and research. In 35th annual conference of the Association for Research on Nonprofit and Voluntary Action, Chicago.) |
| 07 |
Trust in the organization |
When the beneficiary organization inspires trust, individuals are more willing to make donations (Van Iwaarden et al., 2009Van Iwaarden et al., 2009 Van Iwaarden, J., van der Wiele, T., Williams, R., & Moxham, C. (2009). Charities: How important is performance to donors?. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 26(1), 5-22.) |
| 08 |
Trust in the organization's leadership |
The donor knowing the founder or director of the beneficiary organization can influence the donation process (Bowman, 2006Bowman, 2006 Bowman, W. (2006). Should donors care about overhead costs? Do they care?. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 35(2), 288-310.) |
| 09 |
Contribution value |
Low, regular and fixed donation contribution tends to increase donation of money (Mainardes et al., 2015Mainardes et al., 2015 Mainardes, E. W., Laurett, R., Degasperi, N. C. P., & Lasso, S. V. (2015). Personal characteristics and external motivators as antecedents to the act of money and/or goods donation. In International congress of the International Association on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 14, 2015, Vitória (ES). Anais... Vitória: IAPNM.) |
| 10 |
Conditional cooperation |
Individuals donate more money when they have the information that other individuals also donate (Wiepking & Heijnen, 2011Wiepking and Heijnen, 2011 Wiepking, P., & Heijnen, M. (2011). The giving standard: Conditional cooperation in the case of charitable giving. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 16(1), 13-22.) |
| 11 |
Credibility of the organization |
The credibility of the beneficiary organization tends to influence the donation process (Kelly, 1995Kelly, 1995 Kelly, K. S. (1995). Utilizing public relations theory to conceptualize and test models of fund raising. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 72(1), 106-127.) |
| 12 |
Influential donors |
Releasing influential donor names can promote positive donor engagement (Van Leeuwen & Wiepking, 2013Van Leeuwen and Wiepking, 2013 Van Leeuwen, M. H., & Wiepking, P. (2013). National campaigns for charitable causes a literature review. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 42(2), 219-240.) |
| 13 |
Leadership effect |
Observing other individuals donating can influence donation (Bekkers & Wiepking, 2007Bekkers and Wiepking, 2007 Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2007). Understanding philanthropy: A review of 50 years of theories and research. In 35th annual conference of the Association for Research on Nonprofit and Voluntary Action, Chicago.) |
| 14 |
Seasonal effects |
Individuals tend to donate more in the fourth quarter of the year (Banks & Tanner, 1999Banks and Tanner, 1999 Banks, J., & Tanner, S. (1999). Patterns in household giving: Evidence from UK data. International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 10(2), 167-178.) |
| 15 |
Efficiency and effectiveness of the organization |
The beneficiary organization being efficient and effective in using the resources and executed projects tends to obtain more donors (Bekkers & Wiepking, 2011cBekkers and Wiepking, 2011c Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2011). Testing mechanisms for philanthropic behaviour. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 16(4), 291-297.; Scaife et al., 2012Scaife et al., 2012 Scaife, W., McDonald, K., & Wiepking, P. (2012). Motives and barriers to bequest giving. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 11(1), 56-66.) |
| 16 |
Companion influence |
Individuals accompanied at the time of being invited to make the donation are more likely to donate (Bekkers & Wiepking, 2011bBekkers and Wiepking, 2011b Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2011). A literature review of empirical studies of philanthropy: Eight mechanisms that drive charitable giving. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(5), 924-973.) |
| 17 |
Requestor's gender |
Male individuals tend to donate more when they receive requests from attractive women (Landry et al., 2005Landry et al., 2005 Landry, C., Lange, A., List, J. A., Price, M. K., & Rupp, N. G. (2005). Toward an understanding of the economics of charity: Evidence from a field experiment. National Bureau of Economic Research.) |
| 18 |
Image of the organization |
The image that donors have in relation to the beneficiary organization contributes to the donation (Michel & Rieunier, 2012Michel and Rieunier, 2012 Michel, G., & Rieunier, S. (2012). Nonprofit brand image and typicality influences on charitable giving. Journal of Business Research, 65(5), 701-707.) |
| 19 |
Celebrity influence |
Using a celebrity as a spokesperson tends to increase donation (Michel & Rieunier, 2012Michel and Rieunier, 2012 Michel, G., & Rieunier, S. (2012). Nonprofit brand image and typicality influences on charitable giving. Journal of Business Research, 65(5), 701-707.) |
| 20 |
Economy influence |
Individuals tend to donate less in case of economic recession (Breeze & Morgan, 2009Breeze and Morgan, 2009 Breeze, B., & Morgan, G. G. (2009). Philanthropy in a recession: An analysis of UK media representations and implications for charitable giving. In NCVO/VSSN researching the voluntary sector conference, September) |
| 21 |
Church influence |
Frequency of church attendance increases the amount donated (Schuyt et al., 2004Schuyt et al., 2004 Schuyt, T., Smit, J., & Bekkers, R. (2004). Constructing a philanthropy-scale: Social responsibility and philanthropy. Order, 501, 5704.) |
| 22 |
Acquaintances influence |
An individual can donate because their acquaintances actively support this behavior (Grace & Griffin, 2006Grace and Griffin, 2006 Grace, D., & Griffin, D. (2006). Exploring conspicuousness in the context of donation behaviour. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 11(2), 147-154.) |
| 23 |
Influence of commemorative dates |
At commemorative dates, individuals tend to be more prone to donation (Bekkers & Wiepking, 2007Bekkers and Wiepking, 2007 Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2007). Understanding philanthropy: A review of 50 years of theories and research. In 35th annual conference of the Association for Research on Nonprofit and Voluntary Action, Chicago.) |
| 24 |
Employer influence |
When an individual is induced by an employer to make donations (Amos, 1982Amos, 1982 Amos Junior, O. M. (1982). Empirical analysis of motives underlying individual contributions to charity. Atlantic Economic Journal, 10(4), 45-52.) |
| 25 |
Brand image of the organization |
The brand image of the beneficiary organization tends to influence donors (Michel & Rieunier, 2012Michel and Rieunier, 2012 Michel, G., & Rieunier, S. (2012). Nonprofit brand image and typicality influences on charitable giving. Journal of Business Research, 65(5), 701-707.) |
| 26 |
Mission of the organization |
Clarity about the mission of the beneficiary organization may favor donation (Bowman, 2006Bowman, 2006 Bowman, W. (2006). Should donors care about overhead costs? Do they care?. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 35(2), 288-310.) |
| 27 |
Religious motivation |
Individuals tend to donate to religion in exchange for spiritual benefits or eternal salvation (Amos, 1982Amos, 1982 Amos Junior, O. M. (1982). Empirical analysis of motives underlying individual contributions to charity. Atlantic Economic Journal, 10(4), 45-52.) |
| 28 |
Political motivation |
Individuals tend to donate to the beneficiary organization to build up a political image (Amos, 1982Amos, 1982 Amos Junior, O. M. (1982). Empirical analysis of motives underlying individual contributions to charity. Atlantic Economic Journal, 10(4), 45-52.) |
| 29 |
Lack of public funding |
Individuals donate more money and/or goods when they realize that the beneficiary organization does not receive government aid (Mainardes et al., 2015Mainardes et al., 2015 Mainardes, E. W., Laurett, R., Degasperi, N. C. P., & Lasso, S. V. (2015). Personal characteristics and external motivators as antecedents to the act of money and/or goods donation. In International congress of the International Association on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 14, 2015, Vitória (ES). Anais... Vitória: IAPNM.) |
| 30 |
Tax benefit |
It refers to tax benefits when making donations (Wiepking, 2009Wiepking, 2009 Wiepking, P. (2009). The state of giving research in Europe: Household donations to charitable organizations in twelve European countries. Amsterdam University Press.) |
| 31 |
Participating in specific groups |
The individual who is part of a particular group (e.g., Association, Club) tends to increase the donation (Wiepking & Maas, 2009Wiepking and Maas, 2009 Wiepking, P., & Maas, I. (2009). Resources that make you generous: Effects of social and human resources on charitable giving. Social Forces, 87(4), 1973-1995.) |
| 32 |
Interest in sweepstakes |
Donate and win a ticket to participate in a prize draw (Van Leeuwen & Wiepking, 2013Van Leeuwen and Wiepking, 2013 Van Leeuwen, M. H., & Wiepking, P. (2013). National campaigns for charitable causes a literature review. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 42(2), 219-240.) |
| 33 |
Interest in future service |
Donor may require that organization in the future (Amos, 1982Amos, 1982 Amos Junior, O. M. (1982). Empirical analysis of motives underlying individual contributions to charity. Atlantic Economic Journal, 10(4), 45-52.) |
| 34 |
Social pressure |
Individuals feeling pressured to donate tend to donate less (Bekkers & Wiepking, 2007Bekkers and Wiepking, 2007 Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2007). Understanding philanthropy: A review of 50 years of theories and research. In 35th annual conference of the Association for Research on Nonprofit and Voluntary Action, Chicago.) |
| 35 |
Reciprocity |
The individual tends to donate for reciprocity, for example, when one receives an invitation from any organization for a dinner (DeHaven, 2010DeHaven, 2010 DeHaven, B. (2010). Principles of persuasion for nonprofit fundraisers (Doctoral dissertation). The University of Akron.) |
| 36 |
Public acknowledgment |
Publicly acknowledging the donor's name tends to increase donation (DeHaven, 2010DeHaven, 2010 DeHaven, B. (2010). Principles of persuasion for nonprofit fundraisers (Doctoral dissertation). The University of Akron.) |
| 37 |
Rules and regulations |
Beneficiary organizations being subject to well-defined donation rules and regulations tend to increase receiving donations (Van Leeuwen & Wiepking, 2013Van Leeuwen and Wiepking, 2013 Van Leeuwen, M. H., & Wiepking, P. (2013). National campaigns for charitable causes a literature review. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 42(2), 219-240.) |
| 38 |
Reputation of the organization |
The reputation of the beneficiary organization tends to interfere in the decision of the individual to make the donation (Guy & Patton, 1989Guy and Patton, 1989 Guy, B. S., & Patton, W. E. (1989). The marketing of altruistic causes: Understanding why people help. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 6(1), 19-30.) |
| 39 |
Receiving reward |
Benefits perceived by the individual when making donations. Ex: gifts, among others (Bendapudi et al., 1996Bendapudi et al., 1996 Bendapudi, N., Singh, S. N., & Bendapudi, V. (1996). Enhancing helping behavior: An integrative framework for promotion planning. Journal of Marketing, 60(3), 33-49.) |
| 40 |
Consciousness of need |
When the donor becomes aware of the need to donate to that purpose (Bekkers & Wiepking, 2007Bekkers and Wiepking, 2007 Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2007). Understanding philanthropy: A review of 50 years of theories and research. In 35th annual conference of the Association for Research on Nonprofit and Voluntary Action, Chicago.) |
| 41 |
Identification of the donor |
The individual uses some object to be identified as a donor (Grace & Griffin, 2009Grace and Griffin, 2009 Grace, D., & Griffin, D. (2009). Conspicuous donation behaviour: Scale development and validation. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 8(1), 14-25.) |
| 42 |
Receiving gifts |
Individuals tend to donate more to obtain a present from the beneficiary of the donation (Bekkers & Wiepking, 2011bBekkers and Wiepking, 2011b Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2011). A literature review of empirical studies of philanthropy: Eight mechanisms that drive charitable giving. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(5), 924-973.) |
| 43 |
Being invited to donate |
The request/invitation tends to increase donors' donation (Bekkers & Wiepking, 2011bBekkers and Wiepking, 2011b Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2011). A literature review of empirical studies of philanthropy: Eight mechanisms that drive charitable giving. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(5), 924-973.) |
| 44 |
Donation request held personally |
The individual tends to accept the donation request when it is done personally (Bekkers & Wiepking, 2011bBekkers and Wiepking, 2011b Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2011). A literature review of empirical studies of philanthropy: Eight mechanisms that drive charitable giving. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(5), 924-973.) |
| 45 |
Physical appearance of the requestor |
Individuals who are more physically attractive tend to get more donation (Bekkers & Wiepking, 2011bBekkers and Wiepking, 2011b Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2011). A literature review of empirical studies of philanthropy: Eight mechanisms that drive charitable giving. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(5), 924-973.) |
| 46 |
Type of organization |
The type of organization and the cause it advocates interfere with the decision to donate (Okten & Weisbrod, 2000Okten and Weisbrod, 2000 Okten, C., & Weisbrod, B. A. (2000). Determinants of donations in private nonprofit markets. Journal of Public Economics, 75(2), 255-272.) |
| 47 |
Transparency in accountability |
Transparency in accountability tends to be fundamental for maintaining the donation (Van Leeuwen & Wiepking, 2013Van Leeuwen and Wiepking, 2013 Van Leeuwen, M. H., & Wiepking, P. (2013). National campaigns for charitable causes a literature review. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 42(2), 219-240.) |
| 48 |
Use of media and technology |
Media use via technology tends to increase donation (Van Leeuwen & Wiepking, 2013Van Leeuwen and Wiepking, 2013 Van Leeuwen, M. H., & Wiepking, P. (2013). National campaigns for charitable causes a literature review. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 42(2), 219-240.) |
| 49 |
Use of the "love" concept |
Using the concept of "love" in campaigns can promote donation (Bekkers & Wiepking, 2011cBekkers and Wiepking, 2011c Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2011). Testing mechanisms for philanthropic behaviour. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 16(4), 291-297.) |
