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Síndrome congênita pelo vírus Zika e achados de neuroimagem

O vírus Zika (ZIKV) é um arbovírus da família Flaviviridae, composto de ácido ribonucleico, identificado em 1947 na floresta Zika, em Uganda, a partir de macacos Rhesus que serviam de sentinelas para estudo de vigilância para febre amarela, com o primeiro caso descrito em humanos em 1952(11 Ribeiro BNF, Muniz BC, Gasparetto EL, et al. Congenital Zika syndrome and neuroimaging findings: what do we know so far? Radiol Bras. 2017;50:314-22.

2 Rafful P, Souza AS, Tovar-Moll F. The emerging radiological features of Zika virus infection. Radiol Bras. 2017;50(6):vii-viii.

3 Yadav S, Rawal G, Baxi M. Zika virus: an emergence of a new arbovirus. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10:1-3.

4 Aziz H, Zia A, Anwer A, et al. Zika virus: global health challenge, threat and current situation. J Med Virol. 2017;89:943-51.
-55 Younger DS. Epidemiology of Zika virus. Neurol Clin. 2016;34:1049-56.). Tipicamente, o ZIKV ocorre em áreas tropicais e subtropicais do mundo, sendo reconhecidas duas linhagens, a africana e a asiática, e três genótipos, o oeste africano, o leste africano e o asiático, sendo este último o responsável pelo surto ocorrido no Brasil(11 Ribeiro BNF, Muniz BC, Gasparetto EL, et al. Congenital Zika syndrome and neuroimaging findings: what do we know so far? Radiol Bras. 2017;50:314-22.

2 Rafful P, Souza AS, Tovar-Moll F. The emerging radiological features of Zika virus infection. Radiol Bras. 2017;50(6):vii-viii.

3 Yadav S, Rawal G, Baxi M. Zika virus: an emergence of a new arbovirus. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10:1-3.

4 Aziz H, Zia A, Anwer A, et al. Zika virus: global health challenge, threat and current situation. J Med Virol. 2017;89:943-51.
-55 Younger DS. Epidemiology of Zika virus. Neurol Clin. 2016;34:1049-56.). A transmissão, na maioria dos casos, ocorre pela picada de mosquitos do gênero Aedes, principalmente o Aedes aegypti, com mosquitos de outros gêneros sendo potenciais vetores para a disseminação da doença(11 Ribeiro BNF, Muniz BC, Gasparetto EL, et al. Congenital Zika syndrome and neuroimaging findings: what do we know so far? Radiol Bras. 2017;50:314-22.

2 Rafful P, Souza AS, Tovar-Moll F. The emerging radiological features of Zika virus infection. Radiol Bras. 2017;50(6):vii-viii.

3 Yadav S, Rawal G, Baxi M. Zika virus: an emergence of a new arbovirus. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10:1-3.

4 Aziz H, Zia A, Anwer A, et al. Zika virus: global health challenge, threat and current situation. J Med Virol. 2017;89:943-51.
-55 Younger DS. Epidemiology of Zika virus. Neurol Clin. 2016;34:1049-56.). Outras formas de transmissão são descritas na literatura, como transfusão sanguínea, sexual, transplacentária, perinatal e pela urina(11 Ribeiro BNF, Muniz BC, Gasparetto EL, et al. Congenital Zika syndrome and neuroimaging findings: what do we know so far? Radiol Bras. 2017;50:314-22.

2 Rafful P, Souza AS, Tovar-Moll F. The emerging radiological features of Zika virus infection. Radiol Bras. 2017;50(6):vii-viii.

3 Yadav S, Rawal G, Baxi M. Zika virus: an emergence of a new arbovirus. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10:1-3.

4 Aziz H, Zia A, Anwer A, et al. Zika virus: global health challenge, threat and current situation. J Med Virol. 2017;89:943-51.
-55 Younger DS. Epidemiology of Zika virus. Neurol Clin. 2016;34:1049-56.).

As infecções, em sua maioria, são assintomáticas (80%), e quando sintomáticas, são comumente caracterizadas por um quadro autolimitado de rash maculopapular, febre baixa, cefaleia, artralgias e conjuntivite não purulenta, com regressão dos sintomas geralmente em dois a sete dias(11 Ribeiro BNF, Muniz BC, Gasparetto EL, et al. Congenital Zika syndrome and neuroimaging findings: what do we know so far? Radiol Bras. 2017;50:314-22.

2 Rafful P, Souza AS, Tovar-Moll F. The emerging radiological features of Zika virus infection. Radiol Bras. 2017;50(6):vii-viii.

3 Yadav S, Rawal G, Baxi M. Zika virus: an emergence of a new arbovirus. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10:1-3.

4 Aziz H, Zia A, Anwer A, et al. Zika virus: global health challenge, threat and current situation. J Med Virol. 2017;89:943-51.
-55 Younger DS. Epidemiology of Zika virus. Neurol Clin. 2016;34:1049-56.). Apesar de raras, formas de acometimento do sistema nervoso central (SNC) associadas à infecção pelo ZIKV foram relatadas, como meningoencefalite, síndrome de Guillain-Barré e encefalomielite disseminada aguda(11 Ribeiro BNF, Muniz BC, Gasparetto EL, et al. Congenital Zika syndrome and neuroimaging findings: what do we know so far? Radiol Bras. 2017;50:314-22.

2 Rafful P, Souza AS, Tovar-Moll F. The emerging radiological features of Zika virus infection. Radiol Bras. 2017;50(6):vii-viii.

3 Yadav S, Rawal G, Baxi M. Zika virus: an emergence of a new arbovirus. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10:1-3.

4 Aziz H, Zia A, Anwer A, et al. Zika virus: global health challenge, threat and current situation. J Med Virol. 2017;89:943-51.

5 Younger DS. Epidemiology of Zika virus. Neurol Clin. 2016;34:1049-56.

6 Niemeyer B, Niemeyer R, Borges R, et al. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following Zika virus infection. Eur Neurol. 2017;77:45-6.
-77 Fontes CA, Dos Santos AA, Marchiori E. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in Guillain-Barré syndrome caused by Zika virus infection. Neuroradiology. 2016;58:837-8.). O diagnóstico de ZIKV pode ser confirmado por amplificação do genoma viral por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase com transcrição reversa coletado de sangue, saliva, urina, líquor e líquido amniótico, ou por testes sorológicos para detecção de IgM contra ZIKV(11 Ribeiro BNF, Muniz BC, Gasparetto EL, et al. Congenital Zika syndrome and neuroimaging findings: what do we know so far? Radiol Bras. 2017;50:314-22.

2 Rafful P, Souza AS, Tovar-Moll F. The emerging radiological features of Zika virus infection. Radiol Bras. 2017;50(6):vii-viii.

3 Yadav S, Rawal G, Baxi M. Zika virus: an emergence of a new arbovirus. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10:1-3.

4 Aziz H, Zia A, Anwer A, et al. Zika virus: global health challenge, threat and current situation. J Med Virol. 2017;89:943-51.

5 Younger DS. Epidemiology of Zika virus. Neurol Clin. 2016;34:1049-56.
-66 Niemeyer B, Niemeyer R, Borges R, et al. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following Zika virus infection. Eur Neurol. 2017;77:45-6.).

O tratamento é direcionado para os sintomas, não havendo, até o momento, vacinas ou terapia antiviral. O foco maior tem sido a prevenção centrada na erradicação do vetor e evitar viagens para áreas endêmicas caso seja possível.

Apesar de surtos prévios de ZIKV terem ocorrido na Micronésia em 2007 e na Polinésia Francesa em 2013-2014, a associação de malformações do SNC e a infecção congênita pelo ZIKV somente foi reconhecida em outubro de 2015 no nordeste do Brasil, com um aumento dramático nos casos de microcefalia(11 Ribeiro BNF, Muniz BC, Gasparetto EL, et al. Congenital Zika syndrome and neuroimaging findings: what do we know so far? Radiol Bras. 2017;50:314-22.,33 Yadav S, Rawal G, Baxi M. Zika virus: an emergence of a new arbovirus. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10:1-3.

4 Aziz H, Zia A, Anwer A, et al. Zika virus: global health challenge, threat and current situation. J Med Virol. 2017;89:943-51.
-55 Younger DS. Epidemiology of Zika virus. Neurol Clin. 2016;34:1049-56.,88 Souza WV, Albuquerque MFPM, Vazquez E, et al. Microcephaly epidemic related to the Zika virus and living conditions in Recife, Northeast Brazil. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:130.,99 Lowe R, Barcellos C, Brasil P, et al. The Zika virus epidemic in Brazil: from discovery to future implications. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15:96-113.). Em fevereiro de 2016, a Organização Mundial da Saúde declarou a relação do ZIKV e malformações congênitas como uma emergência de saúde internacional(99 Lowe R, Barcellos C, Brasil P, et al. The Zika virus epidemic in Brazil: from discovery to future implications. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15:96-113.).

O Brasil foi o país da América Latina mais afetado pelo ZIKV, com aproximadamente 1.500.000 casos entre 2015 e 2016 e um aumento de cerca de 20 vezes nos casos de microcefalia quando comparado com os anos prévios(11 Ribeiro BNF, Muniz BC, Gasparetto EL, et al. Congenital Zika syndrome and neuroimaging findings: what do we know so far? Radiol Bras. 2017;50:314-22.,88 Souza WV, Albuquerque MFPM, Vazquez E, et al. Microcephaly epidemic related to the Zika virus and living conditions in Recife, Northeast Brazil. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:130.,99 Lowe R, Barcellos C, Brasil P, et al. The Zika virus epidemic in Brazil: from discovery to future implications. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15:96-113.). Atualmente, o número de casos relatados de ZIKV no Brasil diminuiu de 205.000 casos em 2016 para 13.000 casos em 2017, com a imunidade populacional sendo considerada o principal motivo desse declínio(99 Lowe R, Barcellos C, Brasil P, et al. The Zika virus epidemic in Brazil: from discovery to future implications. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15:96-113.). Entretanto, a transmissão contínua no Brasil e nas Américas dos quatro sorotipos da dengue nas últimas décadas sugere que o ZIKV continuará a circular, tornando necessária a suspeição dos médicos diante de um quadro clínico compatível(99 Lowe R, Barcellos C, Brasil P, et al. The Zika virus epidemic in Brazil: from discovery to future implications. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15:96-113.).

As manifestações da infecção intrauterina pelo ZIKV são mais graves quando ocorrem no primeiro e segundo trimestres de gestação e variam desde morte fetal até várias anormalidades congênitas, que incluem pele redundante no escalpo e nuca (cutis gyrata), baixo peso ao nascimento, poli-hidrâmnio, anasarca, artrogripose, perda auditiva, assim como malformações oculares e no SNC(11 Ribeiro BNF, Muniz BC, Gasparetto EL, et al. Congenital Zika syndrome and neuroimaging findings: what do we know so far? Radiol Bras. 2017;50:314-22.,22 Rafful P, Souza AS, Tovar-Moll F. The emerging radiological features of Zika virus infection. Radiol Bras. 2017;50(6):vii-viii.,1010 Hajra A, Bandyopadhyay D, Heise LR, et al. Zika and pregnancy: a comprehensive review. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2017;77(2). Epub 2016 Nov 25.

11 Mlakar J, Korva M, Tul N, et al. Zika virus associated with microcephaly. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:951-8.

12 Oliveira-Szejnfeld PS, Levine D, Melo ASO, et al. Congenital brain abnormalities and Zika virus: what the radiologist can expect to see prenatally and postnatally. Radiology. 2016;281:203-18.

13 Aragao MFV, van der Linden V, Brainer-Lima AM, et al. Clinical features and neuroimaging (CT and MRI) findings in presumed Zika virus related congenital infection and microcephaly: retrospective case series study. BMJ. 2016;353:i1901.

14 Hazin AN, Poretti A, Souza Cruz DDC, et al. Computed tomographic findings in microcephaly associated with Zika virus. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:2193-5.

15 Zare Mehrjardi M, Keshavarz E, Poretti A, et al. Neuroimaging findings of Zika virus infection: a review article. Jpn J Radiol. 2016;34:765-70.

16 Zare Mehrjardi M, Poretti A, Huisman TA, et al. Neuroimaging findings of congenital Zika virus infection: a pictorial essay. Jpn J Radiol. 2017;35:89-94.

17 Moore CA, Staples JE, Dobyns WB, et al. Characterizing the pattern of anomalies in congenital Zika syndrome for pediatric clinicians. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171:288-95.
-1818 Ribeiro BNF, Muniz BC, Gasparetto EL, et al. Congenital involvement of the central nervous system by the Zika virus in a child without microcephaly - spectrum of congenital syndrome by the Zika virus. J Neuroradiol. 2017 Dec 19. pii:S0150-9861(17)30347-4.).

O artigo de Peixoto Filho et al.(1919 Peixoto Filho AAA, Freitas SB, Ciosaki MM, et al. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings in infants with microcephaly potentially related to congenital Zika virus infection. Radiol Bras. 2018;51:119-22.), publicado neste número da Radiologia Brasileira, ilustra de forma clara os principais aspectos encontrados na tomografia computadorizada e na ressonância magnética de crânio de crianças com malformações do SNC provavelmente relacionadas ao ZIKV. Neste artigo foram analisados exames de nove crianças, e os principais aspectos de imagem encontrados foram: microcefalia, protuberância occipital com escalpo redundante, redução volumétrica do parênquima cerebral com simplificação do padrão giral, ventriculomegalia, calcificações parenquimatosas predominantemente localizadas na transição corticossubcortical, agenesia/disgenesia do corpo caloso, e alterações da fossa posterior, como hipoplasias cerebelares e pontina. Tais aspectos apresentam conformidade e corroboram os achados da literatura atual(11 Ribeiro BNF, Muniz BC, Gasparetto EL, et al. Congenital Zika syndrome and neuroimaging findings: what do we know so far? Radiol Bras. 2017;50:314-22.,1010 Hajra A, Bandyopadhyay D, Heise LR, et al. Zika and pregnancy: a comprehensive review. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2017;77(2). Epub 2016 Nov 25.

11 Mlakar J, Korva M, Tul N, et al. Zika virus associated with microcephaly. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:951-8.

12 Oliveira-Szejnfeld PS, Levine D, Melo ASO, et al. Congenital brain abnormalities and Zika virus: what the radiologist can expect to see prenatally and postnatally. Radiology. 2016;281:203-18.

13 Aragao MFV, van der Linden V, Brainer-Lima AM, et al. Clinical features and neuroimaging (CT and MRI) findings in presumed Zika virus related congenital infection and microcephaly: retrospective case series study. BMJ. 2016;353:i1901.

14 Hazin AN, Poretti A, Souza Cruz DDC, et al. Computed tomographic findings in microcephaly associated with Zika virus. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:2193-5.

15 Zare Mehrjardi M, Keshavarz E, Poretti A, et al. Neuroimaging findings of Zika virus infection: a review article. Jpn J Radiol. 2016;34:765-70.

16 Zare Mehrjardi M, Poretti A, Huisman TA, et al. Neuroimaging findings of congenital Zika virus infection: a pictorial essay. Jpn J Radiol. 2017;35:89-94.

17 Moore CA, Staples JE, Dobyns WB, et al. Characterizing the pattern of anomalies in congenital Zika syndrome for pediatric clinicians. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171:288-95.
-1818 Ribeiro BNF, Muniz BC, Gasparetto EL, et al. Congenital involvement of the central nervous system by the Zika virus in a child without microcephaly - spectrum of congenital syndrome by the Zika virus. J Neuroradiol. 2017 Dec 19. pii:S0150-9861(17)30347-4.).

Concluindo, conforme apresentado por Peixoto Filho et al.(1919 Peixoto Filho AAA, Freitas SB, Ciosaki MM, et al. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings in infants with microcephaly potentially related to congenital Zika virus infection. Radiol Bras. 2018;51:119-22.), cada vez mais ficam consolidados os aspectos de neuroimagem que compõem a síndrome congênita pelo ZIKV, que, embora não sejam patognomônicos, seu conhecimento é de fundamental importância para os radiologistas fazerem a suspeição diagnóstica.

REFERENCES

  • 1
    Ribeiro BNF, Muniz BC, Gasparetto EL, et al. Congenital Zika syndrome and neuroimaging findings: what do we know so far? Radiol Bras. 2017;50:314-22.
  • 2
    Rafful P, Souza AS, Tovar-Moll F. The emerging radiological features of Zika virus infection. Radiol Bras. 2017;50(6):vii-viii.
  • 3
    Yadav S, Rawal G, Baxi M. Zika virus: an emergence of a new arbovirus. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10:1-3.
  • 4
    Aziz H, Zia A, Anwer A, et al. Zika virus: global health challenge, threat and current situation. J Med Virol. 2017;89:943-51.
  • 5
    Younger DS. Epidemiology of Zika virus. Neurol Clin. 2016;34:1049-56.
  • 6
    Niemeyer B, Niemeyer R, Borges R, et al. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following Zika virus infection. Eur Neurol. 2017;77:45-6.
  • 7
    Fontes CA, Dos Santos AA, Marchiori E. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in Guillain-Barré syndrome caused by Zika virus infection. Neuroradiology. 2016;58:837-8.
  • 8
    Souza WV, Albuquerque MFPM, Vazquez E, et al. Microcephaly epidemic related to the Zika virus and living conditions in Recife, Northeast Brazil. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:130.
  • 9
    Lowe R, Barcellos C, Brasil P, et al. The Zika virus epidemic in Brazil: from discovery to future implications. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15:96-113.
  • 10
    Hajra A, Bandyopadhyay D, Heise LR, et al. Zika and pregnancy: a comprehensive review. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2017;77(2). Epub 2016 Nov 25.
  • 11
    Mlakar J, Korva M, Tul N, et al. Zika virus associated with microcephaly. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:951-8.
  • 12
    Oliveira-Szejnfeld PS, Levine D, Melo ASO, et al. Congenital brain abnormalities and Zika virus: what the radiologist can expect to see prenatally and postnatally. Radiology. 2016;281:203-18.
  • 13
    Aragao MFV, van der Linden V, Brainer-Lima AM, et al. Clinical features and neuroimaging (CT and MRI) findings in presumed Zika virus related congenital infection and microcephaly: retrospective case series study. BMJ. 2016;353:i1901.
  • 14
    Hazin AN, Poretti A, Souza Cruz DDC, et al. Computed tomographic findings in microcephaly associated with Zika virus. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:2193-5.
  • 15
    Zare Mehrjardi M, Keshavarz E, Poretti A, et al. Neuroimaging findings of Zika virus infection: a review article. Jpn J Radiol. 2016;34:765-70.
  • 16
    Zare Mehrjardi M, Poretti A, Huisman TA, et al. Neuroimaging findings of congenital Zika virus infection: a pictorial essay. Jpn J Radiol. 2017;35:89-94.
  • 17
    Moore CA, Staples JE, Dobyns WB, et al. Characterizing the pattern of anomalies in congenital Zika syndrome for pediatric clinicians. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171:288-95.
  • 18
    Ribeiro BNF, Muniz BC, Gasparetto EL, et al. Congenital involvement of the central nervous system by the Zika virus in a child without microcephaly - spectrum of congenital syndrome by the Zika virus. J Neuroradiol. 2017 Dec 19. pii:S0150-9861(17)30347-4.
  • 19
    Peixoto Filho AAA, Freitas SB, Ciosaki MM, et al. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings in infants with microcephaly potentially related to congenital Zika virus infection. Radiol Bras. 2018;51:119-22.

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    Mar-Apr 2018
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