We read with interest the prospective observational study by Ramroop et al. in which the authors investigated the incidence of emergence delirium following sevoflurane anesthesia in adult patients.11 Ramroop R, Hariharan S, Chen D. Emergence delirium following sevoflurane anesthesia in adults - a prospective observational study. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2019;69:233-41. Authors concluded after analysis of their data that factors responsible for emergence delirium after sevoflurane are: elderly patients (age > 65 years), emergency surgeries, surgeries of prolonged duration, African ethnicity and number of intubation attempts. Another possible explanation which might have a negligible role but which could also be held responsible for emergence delirium after sevoflurane anesthesia is the pharmacogenomic profile of the patients.
Elimination of inhalational anesthetic agents including sevoflurane is by metabolism and excretion. Only methoxyflurane was the inhalational anesthetic which was metabolised by enzymatic biotransformation. However, it is no longer in clinical use. Less than 5% of inhaled anesthetic is metabolised in the body and the elimination predominantly is through alveolus of lungs.22 Yasny JS, White J. Environmental implications of anesthetic gases. Anesth Prog. 2012;59:154-8. Sevoflurane undergoes minimal partial elimination (up to 2%), through biotransformation which is mediated by the enzyme CYP2E1 belonging to cytochrome family.33 Cohen M, Sadhasivam S, Vinks AA. Pharmacogenetics in perioperative medicine. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2012;25:419-27.
Genetic variations in CYP2E1 have been described but as the percentage of elimination of sevoflurane that is responsible by this enzyme appears negligible in isolation. However, this negligible contribution of CYP2E1 can have exaggerated clinical outcomes in the form of emergence delirium in patients who have above mentioned factors, described by the authors based on their analysis of data after sevoflurane anesthesia. Right now, there is no data on variations in genes controlling cytochrome P450 family.44 Bains RK. African variation at Cytochrome P450 genes: evolutionary aspects and the implications for the treatment of infectious diseases. Evol Med Public Health. 2013;2013:118-34. Park et al. had suggested a possibility of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) R2 genetic polymorphism which affect the development of emergence agitation when sevoflurane is used in pediatric age group.55 Park CS, Shin C, Jin Park H, et al. The influence of GABA A g2 genetic polymorphism on the emergence agitation induced by sevoflurane. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2008;55:139. However this polymorphism has not been studied or investigated in adult patients.
To conclude, we believe that cause of emergence delirium after sevoflurane anesthesia in adults is multifactorial. Pharmacogenetic variations in CYP2E1 can have significant role in this unwanted manifestation of sevoflurane use during general anesthesia.
References
-
1Ramroop R, Hariharan S, Chen D. Emergence delirium following sevoflurane anesthesia in adults - a prospective observational study. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2019;69:233-41.
-
2Yasny JS, White J. Environmental implications of anesthetic gases. Anesth Prog. 2012;59:154-8.
-
3Cohen M, Sadhasivam S, Vinks AA. Pharmacogenetics in perioperative medicine. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2012;25:419-27.
-
4Bains RK. African variation at Cytochrome P450 genes: evolutionary aspects and the implications for the treatment of infectious diseases. Evol Med Public Health. 2013;2013:118-34.
-
5Park CS, Shin C, Jin Park H, et al. The influence of GABA A g2 genetic polymorphism on the emergence agitation induced by sevoflurane. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2008;55:139.
Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
10 Oct 2019 -
Date of issue
Jul-Aug 2019
History
-
Published
10 May 2019
