Impact of upper blepharoplasty on quality of life and its insertion in the context of Brazilian public health: scoping review

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

The aim was to conduct a comprehensive scoping review of available researches on the impact of blepharoplasty on quality of life and its scope within the Unified Health System. Methods: A literature search was performed in the Virtual Health Library, Capes Journals, SciELO, LILACS, Medline, and Cochrane Library databases for studies published within the past five years. Results: Out of the 323 studies initially selected, nineteen studies were included in the final sample. Seven studies (36.8%) examined the impact of blepharoplasty on quality of life, while others assessed functional criteria (31.5%) or subjective factors related to quality of life (26.3%). The majority of the studies demonstrated positive effects of blepharoplasty on quality of life, self-esteem, personal satisfaction, well-being, and visual improvement. However, limited data were found regarding the coverage of blepharoplasty in the public healthcare system, with no specific studies on this topic. Conclusion: Blepharoplasty has been shown to positively impact quality of life, highlighting the need to ensure the access to this procedure within the public healthcare when appropriate. The lack of data on blepharoplasty within the Unified Health System indicates a research gap and emphasizes the importance of further studies to explore its impact on quality of life, as well as its coverage and expansion.

Keywords:
Blepharoplasty; Quality of life; Unified Health System; Personal satisfaction; Aging

RESUMO

Introdução:

O objetivo foi desenvolver uma revisão de escopo que mapeie pesquisas disponíveis que respondam à questão: “O que se sabe sobre o impacto da blefaroplastia na qualidade de vida? Qual sua abrangência no Sistema Único de Saúde?”. Método: Levantamento bibliográfico nas bases de dados: Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Periódicos Capes, SciELO, LILACS, Medline e Cochrane Library, com estudos publicados nos últimos cinco anos. Resultados: Foram selecionados 323 estudos para pré-análise e a amostra final contou com 19 estudos. A qualidade de vida foi analisada em sete dos estudos incluídos (36,8%) e os demais analisaram critérios funcionais (31,5%) ou outras questões subjetivas que podem estar ligadas à qualidade de vida (26,3%). A maioria dos estudos demonstrou que a blefaroplastia traz melhora na qualidade de vida e em critérios indiretos como autoestima, satisfação pessoal e bem-estar, além de melhora da visão. Os dados sobre a cobertura da cirurgia no contexto público são escassos e não foi encontrado nenhum estudo que tratasse desse tema. Conclusão: A blefaroplastia impacta positivamente na qualidade de vida, reforçando a necessidade de se fazer cumprir o direito de realização do procedimento na saúde pública, quando comprovada sua indicação. A ausência de dados sobre a blefaroplastia no Sistema Único de Saúde demonstra alguma negligência deste tópico no âmbito da saúde pública. Portanto, a presente pesquisa tem importância em evidenciar tal lacuna, incentivando a realização de estudos que aprofundem a análise do impacto da blefaroplastia na qualidade de vida, bem como, busquem entender melhor sua cobertura e formas de ampliá-la.

Descritores:
Blefaroplastia; Qualidade de vida; Sistema Único de Saúde; Satisfação pessoal; Envelhecimento

INTRODUCTION

Aging is a biological process that results in several anatomical and functional changes in the human body. In this context, the eye region is essential to guarantee facial harmony, in addition to being an important means of social communication, constituting the most important aesthetic-functional component of the face, and any changes in this region can lead to compromised such functions¹.

In this sense, one of the most frequent clinical manifestations derived from the natural aging process is eyelid ptosis², which mainly affects the upper eyelid and may have other etiologies in addition to aging, such as neurogenic, myogenic, traumatic, or even congenital factors³. As a consequence, eyelid ptosis brings to the patient a reduction in campimetry and visual quality, an increase in the incidence of entropion (a condition that facilitates contact between the eyelashes and the ocular conjunctiva, predisposing to infections), and a decline in self-esteem, contributing significantly to the reduction of the quality of life¹.

In this context, blepharoplasty arises, a surgical procedure that aims to correct any functional or aesthetic abnormality existing in the eyelids, mostly performed by plastic surgeons and ophthalmologists¹. Due to its notorious importance, the Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Salud SUS) guarantees citizens the right to undergo reconstructive plastic surgery, especially when there is partial or total functional impairment and there are no treatment alternatives other than surgery. In this way, patients are guaranteed blepharoplasty surgery through the SUS when the functional declines described above are proven⁴.

From this perspective, this scoping review was carried out, to elucidate and substantiate what the coverage of care for patients in need of blepharoplasty in the SUS really is, as well as the scope of its impact on patients’ quality of life.

OBJECTIVE

Therefore, the main objective of this scoping review was to systematically map the available research on the proposed topic, in addition to delimiting the remaining gaps in the study of the area. To this end, the following research questions were formulated: What is known about the impact of upper blepharoplasty on quality of life? What is its scope in the single health system?

METHOD

This study is a scoping review guided by the references and principles proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and MetaAnalyses extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA- ScR)⁵,⁶, aiming to search for information available, as well as the identification of remaining gaps in the subject covered by following the steps: formulation of objectives and research questions (“What is known in the literature about the impact of blepharoplasty on quality of life and its scope in the SUS? ”; structuring the research question using the acronym PCC - Population: individuals undergoing blepharoplasty / Concept: quality of life / Context: blepharoplasty surgery, SUS); elaboration of exclusion and inclusion criteria; development of the search strategy; search and selection of studies; data mapping and synthesis of results.

Eligibility Criteria

To select the studies, the following criteria were used: studies published from 2017 to 2022, that addressed quality of life, functionality, and patient satisfaction after upper blepharoplasty, performed as the first intervention, in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, with the application of the filter “in the last 5 years”. Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed studies were included, aiming for a broad understanding of the topic.

Information sources

The bibliographic survey took place from March to June 2022, based on searches in the electronic databases Medline, VHL, Periódicos Capes, SciELO, and LILACS. In addition to searching journals, data were collected from the official websites of the Ministry of Health and the Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica.

The results obtained were exported to EndNote to exclude repeated articles. The search strategy used was through the descriptors present in MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) and DeCS (Health Sciences Descriptors): “Blepharoplasty”, “Quality of Life”, “Visual Field Tests”, “Patient Satisfaction” and “ Health Unic System”.

These descriptors were combined using the Boolean operators OR and AND, which were used in the databases as expressed in Chart 1.

Chart 1
Search strategy used.

Databases/ Libraries/ Search Engines/ Grey Literature	Search Strategies
PubMed, VHL, Journals Capes, LILACS, SciELO, Cochrane.	((“Blepharoplasty” OR “Eyelid surgery”)) AND ((Quality of life)) ((“Blepharoplasty” OR “Eyelid surgery”)) AND ((Visual field test)) ((“Blepharoplasty” OR “Eyelid surgery”)) AND ((Patient satisfaction OR satisfaction)) ((“Blepharoplasty” OR “Eyelid surgery”)) AND ((Patient satisfaction)) AND ((Quality of life)) AND ((Visual field test))

To increase the consistency of the research, all articles found in the databases described were selected together by the researchers, following the order of title, abstracts, and, finally, full text, so that, in the end, through discussion between the evaluators, only those studies that contributed to answering the research questions were classified by consensus.

The first search, selecting articles based on the title, totaled 323 articles chosen. After duplicates were removed (130), 193 citations remained. After this stage, the summary of the articles in question was read, leaving 113 studies. Finally, after reading the full text, and taking into account the eligibility criteria, we had 19 articles eligible for this scoping review. Of the 94 excluded studies, 81 did not discuss or speak very superficially about the impact of blepharoplasty on patients’ quality of life and 13 dealt only with lower blepharoplasty. Data is expressed in Figure 1.

Figure 1
Flowchart of the study selection process.

RESULTS

The title, author, year, journal, objectives, study design, methods, and results of the studies concerning the research questions are presented in Chart 2.

Chart 2
Description of included studies.

Title	Authors, Year, and Journal	Objectives	Design	Number of participants and age	Methods	Result
The Effect of Blepharoplasty on Our Patient’s Quality of Life, Emotional Stability, and Self-Esteem7	Papadoulos et al., 2019 The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery	Determine whether blepharoplasty affects the quality of life, satisfaction, emotional stability, and self-esteem	Retrospective study with patients who underwent transdermal blepharoplasty between 1995 and 2008	46 patients (age 38-75 years)	Application of a self-developed questionnaire for blepharoplasty, in addition to the Statistically significant increased values in quality of life (FLZM), Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI-RL), and Rosenberg Self-Esteem (RSES).	Improved quality of life in the aspects: of work, mobility, and independence. Increased self-esteem
Association on of Upper Eyelid Ptosis Repair and Blepharoplasty With Headache-Related Quality of Life8	Bahceci Simsek, 2017 JAMA Facial Plast Surgery	To evaluate changes in headache-related quality of life in patients undergoing upper blepharoplasty	Prospective cohort study	108 patients undergoing blepharoplasty and 44 patients undergoing ptosis correction (age 45-49 years)	Application of the Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT) questionnaire preand postoperatively for patients with tension headache.	Increase in Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT) score in the two groups studied (ptosis repair and upper blepharoplasty)
Upper eyelid blepharoplasty using Plasma exeresis: Evaluation of outcomes, satisfaction and symptoms after procedure9	Ferreira et al., 2021 Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology	To evaluate patient satisfaction and symptoms after upper blepharoplasty using plasma technology	Observational study of patients who underwent upper blepharoplasty using plasma to treat dermatitis	16 patients (average age 50.5 years)	Assessment of quality of life, symptoms, and satisfaction using two questionnaires on day 7 and 30 after the procedure	High level of satisfaction, but low impact on daily quality of life
Functional benefits and patient satisfaction with upper blepharoplasty - evaluated by objective and subjective outcome measures10	Jacobsen et al., 2017 Acta Ophthalmology	Investigate functional outcomes and patient satisfaction in upper blepharoplasty	Observational cohort study	45 patients (mean age 56.9 years)	Preand postoperative analysis of the patient's visual capacity, together with a questionnaire to assess the functional and psychosocial impact of the eyelid	Increase in the superior visual field by 31.3% on the right side and 28.3% on the left side. All patients were satisfied with the postoperative result and would undergo surgery again.
Title	Authors, Year, and Journal	Objectives	Design	Number of participants and age	Methods	Result
Measuring satisfaction with appearance: Validation of the FACE-Q scales (ferramenta de resultados relatados pelo paciente (PRO) composta por várias escalas e listas de verificação com funcionamento independente, projetadas para medir os resultados) for double-eyelid blepharoplasty with minor incision in young Asiansretrospective study of 200 cases11	Chen et al., 2017 Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aestethic Surgery	Use a validated FACE-Q questionnaire (a patient-reported outcomes (PRO) tool comprised of multiple independently functioning scales and checklists designed to measure outcomes) to assess patient-reported satisfaction after small-incision double blepharoplasty	Retrospective study with patients who underwent double blepharoplasty between 2012 and 2014	200 patients (age 21-30 years)	Administration of the FACE-Q questionnaire (a patient-reported outcomes (PRO) tool comprised of several independently functioning scales and checklists designed to measure outcomes) anonymously via email	High level of satisfaction with overall eye appearance and increased quality of life, including confidence and well-being
Functional outcomes of upper eyelid blepharoplasty: A systematic review12	Hollander et al., 2019 Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aestethic Surgery	Review the literature to evaluate the objective and subjective functional benefits of upper blepharoplasty	Revisão sistemática	3525 estudos	Busca sistemática em 4 bases de dados (Pubmed, Embase, Cinahl e Cochrane)	28 estudos foram incluídos e mostraram aumento do campo de visão, aumento da qualidade de vida por diminuição da cefaleia e melhora da visão e diminuição da sensibilidade das pálpebras. Resultados para altura da sobrancelha, astigmatismo, sensibilidade ao contraste e cinemática da pálpebra não foram consistentes.
Title	Authors, Year, and Journal	Objectives	Design	Number of participants and age	Methods	Result
Investigation of Goldmann perimetry in evaluation of patients for upper eyelid blepharoplasty13	Pemberton et al., 2018 Orbit	To determine whether the preoperative Goldman Visual Test (GVT) tested in patients with functional dermatochalasis describes the postoperative superior visual field outcome	Prospective cohort study	23 patients (mean age 67 years)	Obtaining the Goldman Visual Test (GVT) pre-operatively with the eyelids in the natural position and post-operatively and subsequent analysis to determine whether the pre-operative test accurately predicts visual field improvement	Preoperative testing underestimated postoperative outcome by an average of 35%, therefore, postoperative improvement in the visual field is typically greater after blepharoplasty than the Goldman Visual Test (GVT) predicts.
Objective quantification of the impact of blepharoplasty on the superior visual field14	Kim et al., 2022 Archives of Plastic Surgery	To analyze the visual field before and after surgery and investigate whether visual field measurements can be applied as an adequate predictor of surgical results	Prospective study	9 patients (mean age 59.66 years)	Nine patients with pseudoptosis who underwent blepharoplasty participated. Visual fields were analyzed preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively with the Goldmann kinetic perimetry test	Blepharoplasty had an average beneficial effect of 4.99 times on the superior field of vision. There was a strong correlation between the preoperative superior visual field and the surgical outcome.
Assessment of Patient Satisfaction With Appearance, Psychological Well-being, and Aging Appraisal After Upper Blepharoplasty: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study15	Domela Nieuwenhuis et al., 2022 Aesthetic Surgery Journal	To evaluate patient-reported satisfaction with facial appearance, psychological well-being, and assessment of aging after upper blepharoplasty with validated questionnaires	Prospective cohort study	2134 elderly patients	Upper blepharoplasty patients from 8 outpatient clinics were included. Patient-reported satisfaction was assessed with the FACE-Q at admission and 6 and 12 months postoperatively.	Large improvements in FACE-Q scores between admission and 6 months postoperatively were observed for satisfaction with appearance, psychological well-being, and assessment of aging. Satisfaction with treatment results was strongly correlated with satisfaction with appearance, but not with assessment of aging.
Title	Authors, Year, and Journal	Objectives	Design	Number of participants and age	Methods	Result
Patient-reported outcome measurement in upper blepharoplasty: How to measure what the patient sees 16	Herruer et al., 2018 Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aestethic Surgery	Research the outcome of blepharoplasty in terms of satisfaction and quality of life, as well as determine a recommendation on which assessment tools should be used	Prospective study	56 patients (36 completed all questionnaires, (mean age 55 years)	Patients undergoing blepharoplasty completed Blepharoplasty outcome evaluation (BOE) and Derriford appearance scale 59 (DAS59) questionnaires preoperatively and 3-6 months postoperatively. Visual analog scales (VAS) were also used preand postoperatively and the Glasgow Benefits Inventory (GBI) was used postoperatively.	Both satisfaction with the eyes and self-esteem improved significantly. Patients reported significant benefits after the procedure.
Effects of Upper Eyelid Blepharoplasty on Contrast Sensitivity in Dermatochalasis Patients17	Nalci et al., 2020 Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology	To evaluate the impact of upper eyelid blepharoplasty on contrast sensitivity in patients with dermatochalasis	Prospective study	34 patients (mean age 59.66 years)	Preoperatively and postoperatively, best-corrected visual acuity, ophthalmological examination, eyelid examination, eyelash ptosis, contrast sensitivity, keratometric parameters, and corneal aberrations were evaluated in 34 eyes of patients undergoing upper blepharoplasty for dermatochalasis among the years 2014 and 2018	Contrast sensitivity increases significantly after upper blepharoplasty, especially at higher spatial frequencies. Blepharoplasty may have additional functional indications for elderly patients with dermatochalasis in terms of improving functions such as performing daily tasks and reading.
Title	Authors, Year, and Journal	Objectives	Design	Number of participants and age	Methods	Result
A practical technique combining orbicularis oculi muscle resection-based epicanthoplasty and orbicularis-tarsus fixation double-eyelid plasty for cosmetic blepharoplasty18	Sun et al., 2019 Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aestethic Surgery	To describe a technique that combines epicanthoplasty based on resection of the orbicularis oculi muscle and double eyelid plasty with orbicularis tarsus fixation for cosmetic blepharoplasty and report the surgical results in a large number of Chinese patients.	Prospective study	475 patients with an average age of 26 years	From January 2015 to February 2019, 475 patients underwent double eyelid blepharoplasty associated with epicanthoplasty using this technique. The follow-up period ranged from 2 to 38 months, with an average of 16 months	97% of patients were satisfied with the surgical results, presenting well-defined eyelid folds and a naturally improved contour of the inner corner, with no evident scar. Photographic analysis showed a significant improvement in the proportion of the palpebral fissure postoperatively.
Surgical outcome and patient satisfaction after Z-epicanthoplasty and blepharoplasty19	Zhao et al., 2019 International Journal of Ophthalmology	To evaluate the surgical outcomes of the modified Z-epicanthoplasty with blepharoplasty that we previously reported from the patient's perspective using patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and patient satisfaction scores.	Retrospective study	180 patients (average age 24 years)	180 patients who underwent surgery between January 2013 and June 2016 were randomly selected. Standardized patient satisfaction forms and questionnaires using validated patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) were sent to patients for completion.	Most patients reported good or excellent results on analysis of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). In questions relating to function and appearance, 80.3% reported satisfaction with both domains. Most patients reported a high or very high satisfaction rate producing an average score of 104 out of 120 for the patient satisfaction assessment
Title	Authors, Year, and Journal	Objectives	Design	Number of participants and age	Methods	Result
Factors Influencing Patient Satisfaction with Upper Blepharoplasty in Elderly Patients20	Kim et al., 2021 Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery-Global Open	Research which factors influence elderly patient satisfaction in upper blepharoplasty	Prospective study	57 patients (over 65 years of age)	Patients undergoing upper blepharoplasty between April 2018 and March 2019 responded to a pre-operative questionnaire and after 6 months, a satisfaction survey was carried out.	Significant verification of regression coefficients showed that functional improvement and cognitive degree of postoperative precautions had a significant effect on patient satisfaction, while aesthetic results and surgical outcome expectations were not correlated with patient satisfaction.
Qualidade de vida e autoestima em idosas submetidas e não submetidas à cirurgia estética21	Spadoni-Pacheco e Carvalho, 2018 Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica	To evaluate the importance of aesthetic surgery (CE) for the elderly, and whether there is a difference in quality of life and self-esteem between elderly women who have and have not undergone cosmetic surgery.	Case-control study	25 elderly women who underwent cosmetic surgery (EC) and 25 elderly women who did not undergo CE (average age of 67.26 years).	Case group formed by 25 elderly women who underwent aesthetic surgery (CE) and the control group of 25 elderly women who did not undergo aesthetic surgery (CE). The instruments applied were: Minimental, quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF), Rosenberg self-esteem scale, and a questionnaire designed to research sociodemographic data, motivation, and satisfaction with aesthetic surgery (CE).	The most chosen reasons for surgery were physical discomfort, the desire to improve quality of life (QoL), and dissatisfaction with self-image. No elderly women were found with low self-esteem and the level of satisfaction was high when related to their own life or social life. There was no difference in quality of life (QOL) and self-esteem between the two groups analyzed.
Title	Authors, Year, and Journal	Objectives	Design	Number of participants and age	Methods	Result
Assessment of self-esteem and psychological aspects in patients undergoing upper blepharoplasty22	Gracitelli et al., 2017 Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia	To evaluate the results of self-esteem and quality of life in patients undergoing upper blepharoplasty.	Cross-sectional study	49 individuals diagnosed with dermatochalasis.	The self-esteem and quality of life of patients undergoing upper blepharoplasty were compared with volunteers of the same age. Preoperative assessment included ophthalmological examinations and two questionnaires: the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES) and the World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL-BREF).	Individuals undergoing upper blepharoplasty had worse self-esteem based on the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Regarding the quality of life, assessed by the World Health Organization the quality of life assessment (WHOQOL-BREF), significant differences were evident between the groups in the psychological aspects subscale.
The Bleph and the Brain: The Effect of Upper Eyelid Surgery on Chronic Headaches23	Mokhtarzadeh et al., 2017 Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery	Determine the effect of upper eyelid surgery on headache symptoms	Case-control study	47 patients (age 58.7 to 60.7 years)	Case and control groups completed a preand post-operative Headache Impact Test-6 quality of life questionnaire. The study was carried out over a period of 2 years. Neither patients nor study investigators were masked.	Postoperative scores were better in the case group compared to the control group. All questions on the Headache Impact Test-6 improved significantly in the case arm compared to the control. Subjectively, 25 of 28 study patients and 4 of 19 control patients noted some improvement in symptoms after surgery.
Title	Authors, Year, and Journal	Objectives	Design	Number of participants and age	Methods	Result
Resultados funcionales de la blefaroplastia superior2	Hernández Sánchez et al., 2021 Revista Cubana de Oftalmologia	Describe the functional results of upper blepharoplasty	Prospective longitudinal study	99 patients (age 50-62 years)	A prospective longitudinal descriptive study was carried out on patients diagnosed with upper eyelid dermatochalasis, some associated with eyelid and eyebrow ptosis from February 2019 to January 2020.	In 98% of the intervention cases, total correction of dermatochalasis of the upper eyelid was achieved, ptosis correction in 86%, and eyebrow correction in 88%. There were no complications in 94% of the operated eyelids. The most frequent complication was bleeding, with 2.5%.
Influence of upper blepharoplasty on intraocular lens calculation24	Vola et al., 2021 Arquivo Brasileiro de Oftalmologia	Determine the effect of upper blepharoplasty on corneal topography and intraocular lens power calculation using Galilei and IOLMaster (Holladay formula).	Case series study	30 patients (age 47.7 - 74.4 years).	Patients undergoing upper blepharoplasty underwent imaging sessions with Galilei and IOLMaster (Holladay's formula) preoperatively and at 1 and 6 months postoperatively. Axial length determination and lens power calculation were performed using only IOLMaster (Holladay formula). Paired t-tests and vector analysis were used for statistical analysis.	Vector analysis showed that 6 months after surgery, blepharoplasty induced on average 0.39D and 0.31D of corneal astigmatism, measured with Galilei and IOLMaster (Holladay's formula). IOLMaster measurements (Holladay's formula) showed that mean corneal curvature, steepest corneal curvature, and corneal astigmatism were greatest 6 months after surgery. They also showed that intraocular lens power was significantly lower 6 months after surgery.

Of the selected studies, only seven of them⁷-¹⁰,¹²,²¹,²² cited or directly evaluated the criterion of improvement in quality of life; of these, five⁷,⁸,¹¹,¹²,²² found a statistically significant increase in quality of life after blepharoplasty, one found no significant differences²¹ and another found a low impact on quality of life on the seventh day after surgery⁹. The age of individuals participating in these studies varied, with one article without specification¹², four (57%) with patients at least 50 years old⁹,¹⁰,²¹,²², one between 45 and 49 years old⁸ and another covering patients from 38 to 75 years old.

Six studies analyzed the functional results of upper blepharoplasty²,¹⁰,¹³,¹⁴,¹⁷,²⁴, a criterion that was considered by the present review as a possible contributing factor to the improvement in quality of life. Of these studies, three found a significant increase in the superior field of vision¹⁰,¹³,¹⁴, one showed a significant increase in contrast sensitivity¹⁷ after surgery and, together with another study²⁴, demonstrated excellent levels of correction of dermatochalasis. Furthermore, induction of corneal astigmatism and decreased power of the intraocular lens were also found after blepharoplasty²⁵. Most research was carried out on patients over 55 years old¹⁰,¹³,¹⁴,¹⁷,²⁵ and only one had an age ranging between 47.7 and 74.4 years²⁴. In all studies, the majority of patients were female.

Finally, six studies¹¹,¹⁵,¹⁶,¹⁸,²⁰,²³ evaluated subjective issues that may be linked to improved quality of life, such as patient satisfaction¹⁵,¹⁶,¹⁸,²⁰, headache improvement²³, psychological well-being¹⁵ and self-esteem¹⁶. They all found significant improvements in the respective criteria analyzed, through the application of questionnaires to participating patients.

From the results demonstrated here, it was clear that, with a few exceptions⁹,²¹,²⁴, blepharoplasty has a positive and significant impact on the lives of patients undergoing surgery, whether due to functional or well-being criteria. Benefits include high satisfaction, improved self-esteem, increased field of vision, safety, and well-being.

Considering all the benefits, blepharoplasty surgery is provided by the SUS and is included in the Table of Procedures, Medications, Orthoses and Prostheses, and Special Materials of the Unified Health System (SIGTAP)²⁵. The amount spent by the SUS to carry out this procedure was changed by ordinance no. 3,037²⁶, of November 14, 2017, to 449.44 reais. Blepharoplasty may be recommended by a general practitioner or ophthalmologist in the following conditions: (1) dermatochalasis (excess skin and sagging in the upper eyelid fold) with obstruction of the visual axis, (2) lagophthalmos (palpebral malocclusion), (3) alteration the position of the eyelids, (4) post-trauma eyelid deformities or burn sequelae⁴.

However, the procedure is only covered by the SUS in hospitals where there is a Plastic Surgery residency²⁷. According to data from the Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Plástica (SBCP), in Brazil, there are 88 accredited medical residency services, several of which are located in the same city and 13 (50%) of the 26 Brazilian states are not covered by any accredited service. , demonstrating the scarcity and difficulty in accessing this resource for the population.

No data was found on the SUS waiting list, as well as the number of blepharoplasties performed per year, making it impossible to conclude the reality of the expected coverage. The only data found on the coverage of plastic surgeries by the SUS was provided by the SBCP Census of 2016²⁸, which demonstrated that, of the total number of plastic surgeries performed that year, 16.30% were performed by the SUS, however, there is no specification of how much this percentage represents the blepharoplasty itself.

On the other hand, some actions, mainly by the SBCP, sought to make up for the deficit in the care of these patients on the waiting list, in the form of blepharoplasty joint efforts carried out in some Brazilian cities²⁹. These actions, for the most part, take place in partnership with SUS hospitals and bring together medical teams that mobilize in a short period to serve as many patients as possible. Despite the lack of data on the number of surgeries performed by the SUS, the need to organize actions like these already denotes the existence of a gap in necessary care in the area.

Furthermore, in the databases searched, no study was found on the inclusion of blepharoplasty in the SUS, only on other reconstructive plastic surgeries, such as skin and breast tumors.

This scoping review has some limitations. The main one was the lack of publications dealing with the topic, in addition to extremely scarce and limited data regarding the coverage of blepharoplasty by the SUS, mainly in the scientific literature, with no scientific study on this being found. Therefore, it was not possible to have clarity on the Brazilian scenario in terms of the real demand of the population, the waiting list, and the surgery itself. Another limitation of this review is that no randomized clinical trial was found regarding the effects of blepharoplasty on any of the outcomes mentioned. All primary studies included in this review were observational, being cohorts, case-control, and case series. Therefore, there is a great need to develop well-conducted randomized clinical trials that evaluate the effectiveness of upper blepharoplasty on relevant patient outcomes.

CONCLUSION

In the selected studies that sought to understand the influence of blepharoplasty on patients’ quality of life, different ways of clarifying this relationship were found. The first was direct, with a specific focus on analyzing improvements in quality of life, through pre-defined criteria. The second was indirectly, researching criteria that, by inference, increase quality of life, such as personal satisfaction, self-esteem, improvement in headaches, and other functional criteria.

In both research focuses, the vast majority of them demonstrated an effective increase in the quality of life factor in patients undergoing surgery. In addition to the improvement in quality of life, there were reports of functional improvements and subjective criteria linked to quality of life, such as self-esteem and satisfaction. Thus, 73% of studies found some type of positive influence from blepharoplasty. However, the number of studies that have analyzed this relationship in depth is still scarce.

Regarding the inclusion of blepharoplasty in the SUS, the data found was insufficient to have a good overview, and no study was found on the subject, demonstrating a gap in scientific knowledge aimed at this purpose.

In this sense, there seems to be a neglect of this topic in public health, with the practical consequence of having a negative effect on the quality of life of many patients who have criteria and the right to undergo blepharoplasty, but who, unfortunately, are not met. Furthermore, the lack of research makes it difficult to truly understand the importance and impact of this surgery.

It is therefore encouraged to carry out studies, focused on deepening the relationship between blepharoplasty and quality of life, but mainly evaluating the impact of coverage of this procedure within the Unified Health System.

• Source of funding: The researchers of the present study received a PIBIC/FAPEMIG grant, linked to the Pontifical University of Minas Gerais, Poços de Caldas campus.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  29 Apr 2024
• Date of issue
  2024

History

• Received
  13 Aug 2023
• Accepted
  04 Feb 2024