Carbon and N stocks in soils are determined by the balance between addition and losses, and tillage and cropping systems are decisive in this process. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of soil management systems based on tillage, cover crops and P fertilization on C and N stocks in physical fractions of the soil organic matter and on microbial biomass and respiration in a soil after 11 years under soybean-maize rotation. The experiment was initiated in 1999 in an Oxisol with adequate level of available P to obtain form 80 to 90 % of potential yields of annual crops. The experiment was arranged in a split-plot design in randomized blocks, with three management systems based on soil tillage and cover crop (conventional tillage with pearl millet, no-tillage with pearl millet and no-tillage with velvet bean) assigned to the main plots and two P levels (0 and 100 kg ha-1 yr-1 of P2O5 as triple superphosphate applied at sowing) in subplots. Soil samples were collected at the grain filling stage of soybean (March 2010), from the soil layers 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm, and subjected to physical fractionation of organic matter and microbial analysis. The no-tillage system resulted in stratification of organic C and N while conventional tillage resulted in a more homogeneous distribution in the 0-20 cm layer. Phosphorus fertilization for 11 years led to an accumulation of organic C and N in the soil, regardless of tillage and cover crop systems. Higher stocks of organic C and total N, higher microbial biomass C and lower microbial respiration were found under no-tillage than conventional tillage, both with pearl millet as cover crop. In the no-tillage systems, greater stocks of organic C and total N, similar microbial biomass C and higher microbial respiration were found with pearl millet as cover crop compared to velvet bean. The conversion rate of C added by crops to soil organic C was 4.0, 8.2 and 14.3 % for conventional tillage with pearl millet and no-tillage with pearl millet and with velvet bean, respectively.
Conventional tillage; no-tillage; cover crops; phosphate fertilization; physical fractionation of organic matter; microbial biomass
