To study iron and aluminum oxide characteristics, samples of soils developed from different parent materials and with different development degrees were selected and collected from MG, ES, RS and RR states. The clay fraction was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetry and electron microscopy. Al, Si and microelement contents were determined from ammonium oxalate (Ox) and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) extractions. Overall, goethite (Gt) was the main iron oxide in the clay fraction. Only the soils developed from basalt and sandstone showed hematite (Hm) as the predominant mineral. The soils from the Barreiras Group (ES and RR states) showed the lowest iron oxide content, reflecting the low iron level of these sediments. A significant correlation between Gt/(Gt + Hm) ratio and water content extracted by DCB (r = 0.70***) was found, suggesting that this relationship comes from the fact that Gt is a hydrated iron oxide. The clay fraction of the younger soils, specially in the C horizon, showed the highest FeOx/FeDCB ratios and the highest levels of amorphous materials extracted by Ox, reaching 28% for sample 17. This amorphous mineral is basically formed by Al plus some Fe-minerals. Some samples showed similar values for the mean crystal diameter (MCD) of Gt in the (110) and (111) directions, suggesting an isodimensional form of this mineral. The higher values of the MCD for Hm resulted in lower surface area in relation to Gt. The substitution of Fe by Al in the Gt was higher than in Hm (average of 218 and 85 mmol mol-1, respectively). Due to Al substitution in the Gt structure, the crystallinity degree and the mineral size, mainly in the c direction, were reduced as shown by the significant correlation between substitution of Fe by Al and MCD(111) (r = -0.80***). The correlation between Fe and the microelement contents extracted by DCB were high and significant suggesting that the microelements, as also seen for Al, replace Fe in the iron oxide structure. The MCD of the gibbsite (Gb) crystals were higher than that of the iron oxides. Electron microscopy showed that the Gb crystals from the clay fraction appeared to be small square plates, whereas the ones from the silt fraction appeared to be round.
Hematite; goethite; gibbsite; XRD; thermal analysis; electron microscopy