Edaphic fauna and soil properties under different managements in areas impacted by natural disaster in a mountainous region

Lima, Sandra Santana de; Aquino, Adriana Maria de; Silva, Rafaela Martins da; Matos, Priscila Silva; Pereira, Marcos Gervasio

doi:10.36783/18069657rbcs20200156

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Division – Soil Processes and Properties, Commission – Soil Biology • Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo 45 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.36783/18069657rbcs20200156 copy

Edaphic fauna and soil properties under different managements in areas impacted by natural disaster in a mountainous region

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Soil invertebrate fauna plays a major role in several environmental processes, and its absence can negatively impact ecosystem health. This study aimed to assess the recovery of epigeal and edaphic invertebrate faunal communities following an environmental disaster, with landslides, mudflow, and river floods, in sites under different management systems, the effects of cover crops on invertebrate fauna, and their relationship with soil physical and chemical properties in the mountainous region of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. The following sites were evaluated: CF, a site under conventional farming without any record of natural hazard events; LS, a site impacted by an intense landslide event that left the area buried by mudflow; RO1, a site affected by river overflow and treated with NPK fertilizer and poultry litter; RO2, a site affected by river overflow and subjected to liming and heavy fertilization with NPK; and RO3, a site affected by a less intense river overflow and subjected to fertilization with poultry litter and NPK fertilizer. At each site, epigeal and edaphic fauna were sampled using pitfall traps and a monolith sampler, respectively. Physical (soil temperature, moisture, aggregate stability, and density) and chemical (pH in water, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Al³⁺, K⁺, P, cation-exchange capacity, and total organic carbon) properties were determined in the 0.00-0.05 and 0.00-0.10 m layers. The predominant epigeal faunal groups were Entomobryomorpha, Poduromorpha, Diptera, and Coleoptera; and the predominant edaphic faunal groups, Coleoptera and Oligochaeta. There was a positive correlation between Coleoptera larvae, Hymenoptera, and species richness with total organic carbon. Coleoptera larvae were positively associated with biogenic aggregate stability, whereas Coleoptera was positively associated with physicogenic aggregate stability. Oligochaeta showed a positive correlation with soil moisture. Cover crops favored the development of epigeal and edaphic faunal groups that enhance soil properties through organic matter fragmentation and decomposition, and structural engineering. The strong correlation between soil chemical, physical, and biological properties demonstrate the importance of monitoring these components to assess the recovery of disaster-affected areas.

bioindicator; cover crop; soil conservation

Study site	Coordinates	Description
CF	22° 17’ 15” S 42° 39’ 36.6” W	Site under conventional farming without any history of natural hazard events. Fallow has been practiced since 2011. At the time of sampling, the entire area was covered by grasses.
LS	22° 17’ 11.9” S 42° 39’ 33.8” W	The site was highly impacted by an intense landslide event that left the area buried by mudflow in 2011. In 2013, after a mud cleanup operation, the soil was limed, fertilized with poultry litter and NPK fertilizer, and pre-cropped with black oat (Avena strigosa) and common vetch (Vicia sativa). In 2015, the site was cropped with black oat, tomato, and Brassica. In 2016, the site was pre-cropped with vetch and cropped with Brassica.
RO1	22° 17’ 9.1” S 42° 39’ 32.3” W	The site was impacted by a continuous 2-month flood and extensive sand deposition resulting from a river overflow event in 2011. After this period, the soil was treated with poultry litter and NPK fertilizer and cropped under a no-till system using black oat as a cover crop. After another overflow in 2015, the same fertilization treatment was applied, followed by pre-cropping with black oat and cropping with Brassica and tomato. Tomato was planted in 2016.
RO2	22° 17’ 7.3” S 42° 39’ 30.9” W	The same river overflow event that impacted RO1 also impacted the area RO2. After the conclusion of the disaster, the soil was limed and cropped with celery (Apium graveolens) and chard (Beta vulgaris var. cicla) under intensive fertilization with poultry litter, NPK fertilizer, and potassium thermophosphate (Yoorin). The site was left fallow after the 2015 overflow and was so at the time of sample collection.
RO3	22° 17’ 6.5” S 42° 39’ 30.3” W	The site was impacted by the same river overflow event as RO1 but flooded to a lesser extent. Soils have a gley horizon (locally known as tabatinga). The 2015 river overflow had a reduced impact. The site was subsequently fertilized with poultry litter and NPK fertilizer and planted with broccoli in 2016.

Parameter	Site
Parameter	CF	LS	RO1	RO2	RO3
0.00-0.05 m layer
pH(H₂O)	6.17	6.70	5.99	6.48	6.17
TOC (g kg^-1)	19.66	19.73	22.33	21.00	26.51
Available P (mg kg^-1)	22.2	142.0	210.0	95.1	164.0
CEC (cmol_c kg^-1)	11.4	24.8	23.2	16.4	17.8
Moisture (%)	14.2	11.4	19.8	14.4	20.9
Temperature (°C)	21.8	24.4	22.8	23.5	24.5
0.00-0.10 m layer
pH(H₂O)	6.2	6.8	5.9	6.4	6.1
TOC (g kg^-1)	19.42	19.54	22.16	21.00	24.76
Available P (mg kg^-1)	25.8	174.0	199.0	95.2	122.0
CEC (cmol_c kg^-1)	11.4	22.3	22.3	16.2	17.3
Bulk density (Mg m^-3)	0.05	0.04	0.06	0.09	0.12
MWDphy (mm)	4.63	3.69	3.60	4.12	4.62
MWDbio (mm)	4.37	3.47	4.22	4.15	4.38

Epigeal fauna	Site					p-value
Epigeal fauna	CF	LS	RO1	RO2	RO3	p-value
	ind trap^-1 day^-1
Acari	0.94^a	0.97^a	1.91^a	0.23^a	4.00^a
	1.13	0.89	1.04	0.24	3.84
Araneae	0.89^a	0.37^a	0.20^a	0.51^a	0.29^a
	0.83	0.34	0.16	0.21	0.28
Coleoptera	1.83^a	1.91^a	2.57^a	2.49^a	2.11^a
	0.87	1.13	2.08	0.72	1.33
Diptera	1.66^a	0.54^a	1.60^a	0.69^a	0.83^a
	0.54	0.37	1.20	0.34	0.52
Entomobryomorpha	32.4^a	4.43^b	2.17^b	3.77^b	2.66^b	0.005
	31.0	1.55	1.44	1.96	9.24
Formicidae	0.6^a	0.86^a	1.83^a	0.54^a	0.34^a
	0.34	0.59	1.47	0.28	0.31
Hymenoptera	0.11^a	0.06^a	0.06^a	0.06^a	0.03^a
	0.12	0.05	0.07	0.08	0.06
Coleoptera larvae	0.02^b	0.00^b	0.08^b	1.80^a	0.74^ab	<0.001
	0.01	0	0.12	1.09	0.71
Poduromorpha	14.00^a	3.23^b	0.00^b	2.03^b	9.17^a	0.004
	8.98	3.00	0.00	1.23	2.17
Other	0.26^b	1.17^a	0.09^b	0.80^b	1.40^a	0.032
	0.15	1.07	0.10	0.59	1.36
Shannon diversity index	2.63	1.63	2.71	2.54	2.92
Pielou evenness index	0.63	0.41	0.73	0.76	0.75

Edaphic fauna	Site					p-value
Edaphic fauna	CF	LS	RO1	RO2	RO3	p-value
	ind m^-2
Araneae	6.4^a	3.2^a	0.00^a	12.8^a	0.00^a
	3.92	3.20	0.00	0.82	0.00
Chilopoda	0.00^a	3.2^a	6.4^a	16.0^a	19.2^a
	0.00	0.14	3.92	16.0	15.51
Coleoptera	48^ab	6.4^b	22.4^ab	35.2^ab	83.2^a	0.031
	22.05	3.92	11.97	19.86	13.76
Formicidae	3.2^a	6.4^a	0.00^a	0.00^a	3.2^a
	3.20	3.92	0.00	0.00	3.20
Hymenoptera	3.2^a	0.00^a	0.00^a	3.2^a	22.4^a
	3.20	0.00	0.00	3.20	18.66
Coleoptera larvae	0.00^b	0.00^b	12.8^ab	0.20^ab	22.4^a	0.017
	0.00	0.00	5.99	0.14	8.16
Oligochaeta	0^b	6.4^b	697.6^a	3.2^b	41.6^b	0.011
	0	3.92	306.79	3.20	18.66
Other	9.6^a	6.4^a	6.4^a	0.00^a	6.4^a
	3.80	3.49	3.49	0.00	3.49
Shannon diversity index	2.32	1.70	2.52	0.47	2.02
Pielou evenness index	0.77	0.61	0.98	0.18	0.78

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[1] * Corresponding author: E-mail: mgervasiopereira01@gmail.com