Soil physical properties and interrill erosion in agricultural production systems after 20 years of cultivation

Pavei, Dorly Scariot; Panachuki, Elói; Salton, Júlio Cesar; Sone, Jullian Souza; Alves Sobrinho, Teodorico; Valim, Wander Cardoso; Oliveira, Paulo Tarso Sanches de

doi:10.36783/18069657rbcs20210039

Dorly Scariot Pavei

Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Departamento de Agronomia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5668-6019

Elói Panachuki

Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Departamento de Agronomia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5816-7466

Júlio Cesar Salton

Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Departamento de Agronomia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil.

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2570-9214

Jullian Souza Sone ^** Corresponding author E-mail: julliansone@usp.br

Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Hidráulica e Saneamento, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9932-431X

Teodorico Alves Sobrinho

Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Faculdade de Engenharias, Arquitetura e Urbanismo e Geografia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologias Ambientais, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3888-1654

Wander Cardoso Valim

Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2413-185X

Paulo Tarso Sanches de Oliveira

Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Faculdade de Engenharias, Arquitetura e Urbanismo e Geografia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologias Ambientais, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2806-0083

* Corresponding author E-mail: julliansone@usp.br

Editors: José Miguel Reichert and Gustavo Henrique Merten.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Conceptualization: Dorly Scariot Pavei (supporting) and Eloi Panachuki (lead).

Data curation: Dorly Scariot Pavei (lead).

Formal Analysis: Dorly Scariot Pavei (equal), Eloi Panachuki (lead), Julio Cesar Salton (equal), Jullian Souza Sone (equal), Teodorico Alves Sobrinho (supporting), Wander Cardoso Valim (supporting) and Paulo Tarso Sanches de Oliveira (supporting).

Investigation: Dorly Scariot Pavei (equal) and Eloi Panachuki (equal).

Methodology: Dorly Scariot Pavei (equal) and Eloi Panachuki (equal).

Validation: Dorly Scariot Pavei (lead).

Visualization: Jullian Souza Sone (lead).

Writing original draft: Dorly Scariot Pavei (lead).

Writing review and editing: Eloi Panachuki (equal), Julio Cesar Salton (supporting), Jullian Souza Sone (equal), Teodorico Alves Sobrinho (supporting), Wander Cardoso Valim (supporting) and Paulo Tarso Sanches de Oliveira (equal).

Funding acquisition: Eloi Panachuki (lead).

Project administration: Eloi Panachuki (lead).

Supervision: Eloi Panachuki (lead).

Treatments	Description
Crop rotation under conventional tillage (CT)	Soybean is cultivated during the summer and oats during the winter. Crops are sowed after conventional soil tillage using a heavy harrow and a leveling harrow. Soybean, cv. BRS 359 RR, was sowed following land contours with a row spacing of 0.45 m and seed rate ranging from 14 to 15 seeds m^-1.
Crop rotation under no-till (NT)	Soybean, cv. BRS 359 RR, and corn are cultivated during the summer. Soybean was sowed following land contours with a row spacing of 0.45 m and seed rate ranging from 14 to 15 seeds m^-1. During the fall-winter, wheat and oats are cultivated for grain production and turnip and oats for straw production (crop rotation sequence turnip – corn – oats – soybean – wheat – soybean).
Crop-livestock integration in the livestock phase (CL-L)	During the two-year cropping phase, soil fertilization was performed and soybean, cv. BRS 359 RR, and oats were sowed under no-till following land contours with a row spacing of 0.45 m and seed rate ranging from 14 to 15 seeds m^-1. During the two-year livestock phase, Nellore steers rotationally grazed a Brachiaria decumbens pasture based on the put-and-take stocking method (Mott and Lucas, 1952). The adjustment criterium consisted of a minimum forage availability of 7 kg of dry biomass per 100 kg day^-1 of live animal weight (avg. w 300 kg). We carried out the analysis in the crop-livestock integration during the livestock phase.
Crop-livestock integration in the cropping phase (CL-C)	Two-year soybean/oats cultivation under no-till followed by two-year Brachiaria decumbens pasture under rotational and put-and-take stocking methods. Soil and agricultural management were identical to the above treatment (CL-L). We carried out the analysis during the soybean cropping phase.
Permanent pasture (PP)	Brachiaria decumbens pasture under rotational grazing and the put-and-take stocking method. The criterium of adjusting the stocking rate was a minimum forage availability of 7 kg of dry biomass per 100 kg day^-1 of live animal weight (avg. w 300 kg). No fertilization was performed since the experiment implementation (1995).

Treatment	BD	PD	MWD	GMD	PR	OC	Ma	Mi	TPV
	------ Mg m^-3 ------		------ mm ------		Mpa	g kg^-1	------------------ % ------------------
0.00–0.05 m soil layer
CT	1.22 b	2.92 a	1.74 b	2.60 b	0.91 c	31.72 b	19.58 a	34.61 a	54.19 a
NT	1.31 ab	2.90 a	1.40 b	2.12 b	1.77 b	33.74 b	15.86 b	35.00 a	50.86 a
CL-L	1.34 a	2.89 a	4.22 a	4.44 a	1.73 b	42.18 a	14.75 b	39.87 a	54.62 a
CL-C	1.30 ab	2.88 a	4.19 a	4.42 a	1.70 b	43.58 a	15.16 b	36.93 a	52.09 a
PP	1.33 a	2.88 a	3.91 a	4.23 a	2.26 a	41.72 a	10.77 b	42.85 a	53.62 a
0.05–0.10 m soil layer
CT	1.38 a	2.90 a	2.65 b	3.34 b	1.35 b	29.32 b	17.80 a	38.20 a	55.58 a
NT	1.39 a	2.92 a	1.33 c	1.85 c	1.49 b	30.95 b	13.20 b	39.16 a	52.88 a
CL-L	1.40 a	2.87 a	3.11 b	3.70 b	1.56 b	32.58 ab	15.03 a	37.51 a	52.54 a
CL-C	1.36 a	2.89 a	3.28 b	3.99 b	1.66 b	30.06 b	14.93 a	36.11 a	51.04 a
PP	1.25 b	2.89 a	4.33 a	4.51 a	1.82 a	34.20 a	11.82 c	39.48 a	51.30 a
0.10–0.20 m soil layer
CT	1.44 a	2.92 a	2.30 b	3.05 bc	3.02 a	26.57 b	6.98 c	44.04 a	51.02 a
NT	1.39 b	2.93 a	1.16 c	1.78 d	2.96 a	25.30 b	8.23 b	43.62 a	51.85 a
CL-L	1.36 c	2.90 a	2.12 b	2.88 c	1.71 b	32.34 a	10.35 a	42.51 a	52.86 a
CL-C	1.34 c	2.91 a	2.51 b	3.26 b	1.71 b	26.54 ba	9.80 ab	44.57 a	54.37 a
PP	1.27 d	2.90 a	3.83 a	4.19 a	1.38 c	28.97 b	11.77 a	40.98 a	52.75 a
0.20–0.40 m soil layer
CT	1.41 a	2.91 a	1.35 cd	1.82 cd	1.52 a	23.19 a	7.53 c	44.23 a	51.76 a
NT	1.38 a	2.91 a	1.16 d	1.73 d	1.48 b	24.65 a	8.02 c	42.32 a	50.34 a
CL-L	1.32 b	2.90 a	1.65 c	2.39 bc	1.47 b	25.79 a	10.58 b	41,17 a	51.75 a
CL-C	1.31 b	2.89 a	2.10 b	2.83 b	1.48 b	24.50 a	11.14 b	41.41 a	52.55 a
PP	1.30 b	2.89 a	3.22 a	3.22 a	1.56 a	19.63 b	13.95 a	40.09 a	54.04 a

Treatments	DBM	Kinect energy	Initial water content
	Mg ha^-1	kJ m^-2	kg kg^-1
CT	8.43 c	1.99 b	0.19 a
NT	11.48 bc	5.36 a	0.19 a
CL-L	14.95 a	1.79 c	0.20 a
CL-C	12.08 ab	1.97 b	0.21 a
PP	3.90 d	1.73 c	0.21 a

[1] * Corresponding author E-mail: julliansone@usp.br

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Soil physical properties and interrill erosion in agricultural production systems after 20 years of cultivation

ABSTRACT