Sources and doses of aluminum in experiments with rice in nutrient solution

Freitas, Lucas B. de; Fernandes, Dirceu M.; Maia, Suelen C. M.; Moniz, Arianne; Mazziero, Beatriz G.; Steiner, Fábio

doi:10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n7p511-517

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Articles • Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient. 23 (7) • July 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n7p511-517 copy

Sources and doses of aluminum in experiments with rice in nutrient solution

Fontes e doses de alumínio para utilização em experimentos com arroz em solução nutritiva

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The aluminum source to produce toxicity in upland rice in nutrient solution experiments is not yet well established, althought the aluminum potassium sulfate has been utilized source to produce aluminum toxicity. However, in recent studies have used aluminum chloride. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of aluminum sources and doses to produce toxicity in upland rice plants grown in nutrient solution. The experiment was arranged in a block randomized design, in a 2 x 5 factorial scheme and four repetitions. The treatments were two aluminum sources (aluminum potassium sulfate - AlK(SO₄)₂.12H₂O and aluminum chloride - AlCl₃.6H₂O) and five aluminum doses in nutrient solution (0, 370, 740, 1100 and 1480 μmol L^-1). The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in Botucatu city, São Paulo state, Brazil, starting in April 2012, and was carried out for 56 days from transplanting of the seedlings. Using aluminum chloride, the rice plants show lower production of root and total dry weight, area and root volume, medium and thick root length, potassium and sulfur contents and accumulations. Using aluminum potassium sulfate, there are lower aluminum activity and availability, besides the formation of large amount of aluminum compounds non-toxic to the plants (aluminum sulfate) in the nutrient solution. The aluminum doses between 1100 to 1480 µmol L^-1, corresponding to aluminum activity of 336.8 to 429.0 µmol L^-1 of aluminum chloride as source, are more effective to produce aluminum toxicity in upland rice plants grown in nutrient solution.

Key words:
Oryza sativa; ionic activity; Visual Minteq; root length

Al concentration	Al activity in solution	Al availability in solution (%)
(μmol L^-1)		Al availability in solution (%)
	AlK(SO₄)₂.12H₂O (%)
0	0	0
370	85.1	50.7
740	144.1	45.5
1110	191.2	42.3
1480	229.7	39.8
	AlCl₃.6H₂O
0	0	0
370	117.6	72.4
740	233.0	78.4
1110	336.8	81.9
1480	429.0	84.2

Forms (Al)	370	740	1110	1480
Forms (Al)	(μmol L^-1)
	AlK(SO₄)₂.12H₂O (%)
Al⁺³	50.7	45.5	42.3	39.8
AlOH⁺²	3.2	2.8	2.5	2.3
Al(OH)²⁺	0.1	0.1	0.09	0.08
Al₂(OH)₂⁺⁴	0.03	0.05	0.06	0.07
AlSO₄⁺	42.4	48.8	52.4	55.1
Al(SO₄)₂^-	0.5	0.8	1.1	1.4
AlHPO₄⁺	2.1	1.1	0.7	0.5
Al₂PO₄⁺³	0.6	0.6	0.5	0.5
	AlCl₃.6H₂O
Al⁺³	72.4	78.4	81.9	84.2
AlOH⁺²	4.6	4.7	4.7	4.6
Al(OH)₂⁺	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.1
Al₂(OH)₂⁺⁴	0.06	0.1	0.2	0.3
AlCl⁺²	0.02	0.04	0.06	0.07
AlSO₄⁺	19.3	14.3	11.2	9.2
Al(SO₄)₂^-	0.08	0.04	0.03	0.02
AlHPO₄⁺	2.2	1.0	0.6	0.4
Al₂PO₄⁺³	1.0	1.0	0.9	0.8
Al₃(OH)₄⁺⁵	-*	-*	0.02	0.04

Source	Doses (μmol L^-1)					Regression model of Al doses	CV (%)
Source	0	370	740	1100	1480	Regression model of Al doses	CV (%)
Plant height (cm)
AlK (SO₄)₂.12H₂O	55.0 a	54.5 a	51.6 a	52.3 a	48.8 a	$ŷ = 55.419 - 0.0039 * * x (R^{2} = 0.86)$	3.6
AlCl₃.6H₂O	55.0 a	52.6 a	52.9 a	50.1 a	50.5 a	$ŷ = 54.581 - 0.0031 * * x (R^{2} = 0.83)$	3.6
Number of tillers per plant
AlK (SO₄)₂.12H₂O	3.0 a	2.9 a	2.9 a	2.8 a	2.7 a	$ŷ = 3.066 - 0.00019 * * x (R^{2} = 0.93)$	3.6
AlCl₃.6H₂O	3.0 a	3.0 a	2.9 a	2.9 a	2.7 a	$ŷ = 3.085 - 0.00020 * * x (R^{2} = 0.85)$	3.6
Shoot dry weight (g pot^-1)
AlK (SO₄)₂.12H₂O	7.6 a	7.6 a	7.8 a	7.5 a	7.5 a	Ns	4.5
AlCl₃.6H₂O	7.6 a	7.9 a	7.6 a	7.6 a	6.8 b	$ŷ = 7.96 + 0.00092 x - 0.000001 * * x^{2} (R^{2} = 0.92)$	4.5
Root dry weight (g pot^-1)
AlK (SO₄)₂.12H₂O	4.0 a	3.7 a	3.2 a	2.7 a	2.2 a	$ŷ = 4.146 - 0.0012 * * x (R^{2} = 0.99)$	12.8
AlCl₃.6H₂O	4.0 a	2.9 b	3.0 a	2.4 a	1.7 a	$ŷ = 3.845 - 0.0013 * * x (R^{2} = 0.90)$	12.8
Total plant dry weight (g pot^-1)
AlK (SO₄)₂.12H₂O	11.7 a	11.3 a	11.1 a	10.2 a	9.8 a	$ŷ = 11.854 - 0.0013 * * x (R^{2} = 0.96)$	4.0
AlCl₃.6H₂O	11.7 a	10.9 a	10.7 a	10.0 a	8.6 b	$ŷ = 11.811 - 0.0019 * * x (R^{2} = 0.92)$	4.0

Source	Doses (μmol L^-1)					Regression model of Al doses	CV (%)
Source	0	370	740	1100	1480	Regression model of Al doses	CV (%)
Total root length (m pot^-1)
AlK (SO₄)₂.12H₂O	837.3 a	571.0 a	495.0 a	315.2 a	155.5 a	$ŷ = 798.699 - 0.438 * * x (R^{2} = 0.97)$	16.2
AlCl₃.6H₂O	821.6 a	608.8 a	408.9 a	181.0 b	163.1 a	$ŷ = 785.213 - 0.472 * * x (R^{2} = 0.95)$	16.2
Fine root length (m pot^-1)
AlK (SO₄)₂.12H₂O	731.6 a	481.2 a	421.1 a	265.2 a	118.3 a	$ŷ = 692.042 - 0.390 * * x (R^{2} = 0.97)$	18.2
AlCl₃.6H₂O	721.8 a	539.1 a	353.0 a	142.2 b	135.9 a	$ŷ = 691.768 - 0.424 * * x (R^{2} = 0.94)$	18.2
Medium root length (m pot^-1)
AlK (SO₄)₂.12H₂O	82.4 a	73.1 a	63.9 a	39.7 a	31.4 a	$ŷ = 85.242 - 0.036 * * x (R^{2} = 0.96)$	20.5
AlCl₃.6H₂O	80.8 a	62.5 a	45.3 b	30.0 a	22.5 a	$ŷ = 78.086 - 0.040 * * x (R^{2} = 0.98)$	20.5
Thick root length (m pot^-1)
AlK (SO₄)₂.12H₂O	23.1 a	16.6 a	9.9 a	10.2 a	8.2 a	$ŷ = 20.914 - 0.0098 * * x (R^{2} = 0.85)$	32.1
AlCl₃.6H₂O	18.9 a	7.0 b	10.4 a	8.7 a	4.6 a	$ŷ = 15.348 - 0.0072 * * x (R^{2} = 0.61)$	32.1
Root diameter (mm)
AlK (SO₄)₂.12H₂O	0.30 a	0.32 a	0.31 a	0.34 a	0.42 a	$ŷ = 0.285 + 0.00007 * * x (R^{2} = 0.75)$	12.0
AlCl₃.6H₂O	0.29 a	0.28 a	0.30 a	0.40 a	0.34 b	$ŷ = 0.282 + 0.00005 * * x (R^{2} = 0.47)$	12.0

Source	Doses (μmol L^-1)					Regression model of Al doses	CV (%)
Source	0	370	740	1100	1480	Regression model of Al doses	CV (%)
Shoot concentration (g kg^-1)
AlK (SO₄)₂.12H₂O	19.3 a	22.4 a	21.0 a	21.3 a	20.2 a	$ŷ = 19.76 + 0.0053 x - 0.00000082 * * x^{2} (R^{2} = 0.58)$	4.2
AlCl₃.6H₂O	18.8 a	19.3 b	20.4 a	19.1 b	19.2 a	ns	4.2
Shoot accumulation (mg pot^-1)
AlK (SO₄)₂.12H₂O	148.1 a	170.8 a	165.0 a	160.1 a	153.0 a	$ŷ = 151.25 + 0.044 x - 0.000030 * * x^{2} (R^{2} = 0.74)$	4.5
AlCl₃.6H₂O	143.8 a	154.1 b	156.3 a	145.1 b	131.4 b	$ŷ = 144.25 + 0.037 x - 0.000032 * * x^{2} (R^{2} = 0.98)$	4.5
Root concentration (g kg^-1)
AlK (SO₄)₂.12H₂O	19.2 a	22.7 a	21.5 a	20.5 a	20.1 a	$ŷ = 19.85 + 0.0056 x - 0.00000 * x^{2} (R^{2} = 0.58)$	10.8
AlCl₃.6H₂O	20.8 a	19.4 b	15.1 b	14.8 b	14.9 b	$ŷ = 20.346 - 0.0044 * * x (R^{2} = 0.81)$	10.8
Root accumulation (mg pot^-1)
AlK (SO₄)₂.12H₂O	78.4 a	84.8 a	70.7 a	56.6 a	44.9 a	$ŷ = 86.153 - 0.0257 * * x (R^{2} = 0.85)$	14.5
AlCl₃.6H₂O	84.0 a	55.3 b	46.4 b	35.9 b	26.6 b	$ŷ = 76.509 - 0.0363 * * x (R^{2} = 0.92)$	14.5

Source	Doses (μmol L^-1)					Regression model of Al doses	CV (%)
Source	0	370	740	1100	1480	Regression model of Al doses	CV (%)
Shoot concentration (g kg^-1)
AlK (SO₄)₂.12H₂O	3.0 b	3.5 a	3.7 a	4.0 a	3.7 a	$ŷ = 3.06 + 0.0015 x - 0.000001 * * x^{2} (R^{2} = 0.94)$	3.3
AlCl₃.6H₂O	3.3 a	2.6 b	2.5 b	2.5 b	2.7 b	$ŷ = 3.26 - 0.0016 x + 0.000001 * * x^{2} (R^{2} = 0.92)$	3.3
Shoot accumulation (mg pot^-1)
AlK (SO₄)₂.12H₂O	23.5 a	27.2 a	29.0 a	30.2 a	28.6 a	$ŷ = 23.50 + 0.012 x - 0.000006 * * x^{2} (R^{2} = 0.99)$	5.7
AlCl₃.6H₂O	25.4 a	21.0 b	19.8 b	19.2 b	18.6 b	$ŷ = 25.07 - 0.010 x + 0.000004 * * x^{2} (R^{2} = 0.96)$	5.7
Root concentration (g kg^-1)
AlK (SO₄)₂.12H₂O	1.8 b	2.4 a	2.9 a	2.8 a	3.2 a	$ŷ = 2.065 + 0.00083 * * x (R^{2} = 0.86)$	9.1
AlCl₃.6H₂O	2.2 a	2.0 b	2.0 b	2.2 b	2.0 b	ns	9.1
Root accumulation (mg pot^-1)
AlK (SO₄)₂.12H₂O	7.6 a	9.2 a	9.7 a	7.9 a	7.1 a	$ŷ = 7.805 + 0.0047 x - 0.000004 * * x^{2} (R^{2} = 0.81)$ )	17.9
AlCl₃.6H₂O	9.2 a	5.8 b	6.3 b	5.5 b	3.6 b	$ŷ = 8.442 - 0.0031 * * x (R^{2} = 0.81)$	17.9

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[1] Lucas B. de Freitas - E-mail: lucasbarbosaf@yahoo.com.br (Corresponding author)