Contribution of non-exchangeable potassium forms and its accumulation in corn plants

Vieira, Montesquieu da S.; Oliveira, Fábio H. T. de; Santos, Hemmannuella C.; Medeiros, Jailma dos S. de

doi:10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n1p9-15

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SOIL, WATER AND PLANT MANAGEMENT • Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient. 20 (1) • Jan 2016 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v20n1p9-15 copy

Contribution of non-exchangeable potassium forms and its accumulation in corn plants

Contribuição de formas não-trocáveis de potássio para seu acúmulo em plantas de milho

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The state of Paraíba, Brazil, has soils from well- to poorly-developed, in which potassium (K) is found in different levels, forms and, consequently, with varying availability to plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of non-exchangeable K forms to corn plants in 12 soils from Paraíba state, along four successive cycles. The experimental design was completely randomized block with three replicates and the 24 treatments consisted of the combination between two K levels (0 and 100 mg dm^-3) and 12 soils. Before and after each cycle, subsamples of 0.2 dm³ were collected in each pot for the determination of non-exchangeable K (Kne), exchangeable K (Ke) and soluble K (Ks). For each cycle, dry matter production, dry matter K content and plant K content (absorbed K) were determined. In the studied soils, the amounts of absorbed K after successive cycles were higher than the amounts of exchangeable K released, which shows the contribution of non-exchangeable K forms to corn nutrition.

Key words:
Northeastern soils; mineralogy; K forms; K availability

Soil⁽²⁾ (2) EMBRAPA (2006): PA - Yellow Argisol; PAC - Gray Argisol; PVe - Eutrophic Red Argisol; PVA - Red Yellow Argisol; LA - Yellow Latosol; PVd - Distrophic Red Argisol; RR - Regolithic Neosol; RL - Litholic Neosol; TX - Haplic Luvisol; SX - Haplic Planosol; RY - Fluvic Neosol; VX - Haplic Vertisol; OC - Organic carbon.	pH (H₂O)	OC dag kg^-1	P mg dm^-3	P-rem⁽⁵⁾ (5) Alvarez V. et al. (2000) mg L^-1	K⁺exch.⁽³⁾ (3) Medeiros et al. (2014);	K⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Na⁺	Al³⁺	(H+Al)	CEC pH 7.0
	pH (H₂O)	OC dag kg^-1	P mg dm^-3	P-rem⁽⁵⁾ (5) Alvarez V. et al. (2000) mg L^-1	cmol_c dm^-3
					More-developed Soils⁽⁴⁾ (4) More-developed soils: Ki ≤ 2.46; Less-developed soils: Ki ≥ 2.4 6;
PA	5.9	0.35	1.52	45	0.064	0.04	0.60	0.40	0.02	0.11	1.68	2.74
PAC	4.4	1.07	3.59	47	0.109	0.10	0.80	0.60	0.05	0.96	5.67	7.20
PVe	6.3	0.90	6.80	35	0.609	0.39	5.40	1.80	0.04	0.00	2.75	10.38
PVA	5.5	1.07	2.63	28	0.280	0.24	1.10	1.30	0.04	0.32	5.50	8.18
LA	5.9	0.59	11.42	44	0.236	0.18	1.60	1.15	0.11	0.00	2.14	5.18
PVd	5.0	0.80	2.32	28	0.245	0.19	1.90	0.80	0.04	0.32	4.28	7.20
					Less-developed Soils⁽⁴⁾ (4) More-developed soils: Ki ≤ 2.46; Less-developed soils: Ki ≥ 2.4 6;
RR	7.0	0.34	24.10	54	0.214	0.18	1.80	0.90	0.02	0.00	1.07	3.97
RL	6.2	0.38	4.31	45	0.286	0.19	2.00	1.10	0.25	0.05	2.29	5.83
TX	6.2	0.76	4.35	41	1.045	0.64	6.10	4.00	0.10	0.00	2.90	13.74
SX	7.2	0.43	21.58	37	0.257	0.21	12.20	5.60	0.30	0.00	1.53	19.84
RY	7.3	0.89	144.30	44	0.779	0.60	11.00	4.00	0.09	0.00	1.22	16.91
VX	8.4	0.37	19.77	25	1.683	0.69	29.10	10.40	2.19	0.00	0.76	43.13

Soil⁽¹⁾ (1) PA - Yellow Argisol; PAC - Gray Argisol; PVe - Eutrophic Red Argisol; PVA - Red Yellow Argisol; LA - Yellow Latosol; PVd - Dystrophic Red Argisol; RR - Regolithic Neosol; RL - Litholic Neosol; TX - Haplic Luvisol; SX - Haplic Planosol; RY - Fluvic Neosol; VX - Haplic Vertisol.	Sampling municipality	Geological formation and lithology⁽²⁾ (2) Brasil (1972);	Rainfall mm	Soil density kg dm^-3	Texture			Minerals⁽⁴⁾ (4) Kt - kaolinite; Gb - Gibbsite; Gt - Goethite; Mi - Mica; (2:1): 2:1 mineral; Hm: hematite; Qz: quartz; Fp: feldspar; Minerals are shown in the order of predominance in the soil;	Ki⁽²⁾ (2) Brasil (1972);
					Sand	Silt	Clay
					dag kg^-1
More-developed soils⁽⁵⁾ (5) More-developed soils: Ki ≤ 2.46 (Except RR); Less-developed soils: Ki ≥ 2.46.
PA	Jacumã	Tertiary/ Sediments from the Barreiras Group.	1500	1.47	88	3	9	Kt, Gb, Gt	1.72
PAC	Mamanguape	Tertiary/ Sediments from the Barreiras Group.	1600	1.48	84	4	12	Kt, Gt	1.92
PVe	Marizópolis	Metasomatic granite	600	1.44	58	24	18	Kt, Gt, Mi, (2:1)	2.11
PVA	Areia	Precambrian (CD)/ Biotite-gneiss.	900	1.36	66	11	23	Kt, Gt	2.46
LA	Cuité	Tertiary/ Sediments from the Serra do Martins Series.	600	1.35	65	6	29	Kt, Gt	2.16
PVd	Alagoa Grande	Precambrian (CD)/ Hornblende-biotite-gneiss.	1200	1.28	49	13	38	Kt, Gt, Mi, Hm	2.25
Less-developed soils⁽⁵⁾ (5) More-developed soils: Ki ≤ 2.46 (Except RR); Less-developed soils: Ki ≥ 2.46.
RR	Esperança	Migmatite ("embrechito facoidal").	800	1.67	89	8	3	Kt, Mi, Qz, (2:1)	2.17
RL	Pocinhos	Precambrian (CD)/ Gneiss.	650	1.54	81	11	8	Mi, Kt, (2:1)	2.93
TX	São Miguel de Taipu	Precambrian (CD)/ Hornblende-gneiss.	700	1.42	67	19	14	Kt, Mi, (2:1), Fp	3.42
SX	Cuité	Precambrian (CD)/ Gneiss with Biotite and Hornblende.	600	1.43	64	17	19	(2:1), Mi, Kt, Gt	4.21
RY	Sousa	Precambrian / Sandstone and shale.	700	1.34	45	35	20	Mi, Kt, (2:1)	3.20
VX	Sousa	Cretaceous/ Sediments from Rio do Peixe Series.	700	1.29	22	35	43	(2:1), Qz, Mi	4.52

Soil⁽¹⁾ (1) PA - Yellow Argisol; PAC - Gray Argisol; PVe - Eutrophic Red Argisol; PVA - Red Yellow Argisol; LA - Yellow Latosol; PVd - Dystrophic Red Argisol; RR - Regolithic Neosol; RL - Litholic Neosol; TX - Haplic Luvisol; SX - Haplic Planosol; RY - Fluvic Neosol; VX - Haplic Vertisol.	Dose	Dry matter (g pot-1)				Total	Plant K content (g kg^-1)				Mean	Absorbed K (mg dm^-3)				Total
		Cycles					Cycles					Cycles
		1º	2º	3º	4º		1º	2º	3º	4º		1º	2º	3º	4º
More-developed soils
PA	0	4.6 b	2.2	0.7	-⁽²⁾ (2) Dry matter was not evaluated because plants died a few days after germination.	7.3	6.7 b	6.0	3.4	-⁽³⁾ (3) Parameters not determined due to the lack or little amount of dry matter for the chemical analysis.	4.0	10.2 b	4.7	0.8	-⁽³⁾ (3) Parameters not determined due to the lack or little amount of dry matter for the chemical analysis.	15.7
PA	100	25.4 a	3.6	0.9	-	30.0	11.4 a	8.0	3.1	-	5.6	96.5 a	10.0	1.0	-	107.5
PAC	0	9.5 b	1.4	0.6	-	11.8	9.7 b	7.1	4.1	-	5.2	30.7 b	3.5	0.9	-	35.1
PAC	100	17.6 a	3.2	1.0	-	22.3	19.9 a	9.1	4.1	-	8.3	112.7 a	10.3	1.5	-	124.5
PVe	0	32.4 a	17.3	5.8	5.7	70.3	12.5 b	4.4	7.3	4.4	7.2	134.3 b	26.2	14.9	9.3	184.7
PVe	100	28.9 a	22.0	7.4	6.3	76.7	20.6 a	6.3	7.4	3.8	9.5	198.5 a	47.3	19.5	8.6	273.8
PVA	0	27.4 a	3.3	1.2	0.5	33.9	8.4 b	7.7	6.5	-	5.6	76.7 b	8.7	2.7	-	88.0
PVA	100	28.8 a	7.7	1.2	0.7	39.8	15.2 a	5.6	5.7	-	6.6	145.1 a	14.7	2.6	-	162.3
LA	0	25.3 a	4.8	1.3	0.9	33.2	8.0 b	6.0	4.9	-	4.7	66.5 b	9.7	2.2	-	78.4
LA	100	28.6 a	9.4	2.6	1.5	45.8	14.3 a	5.1	6.9	-	6.6	136.4 a	15.9	6.3	-	158.5
PVd	0	24.5 b	5.5	0.7	0.8	32.3	7.3 b	7.4	6.2	-	5.2	59.5 b	14.1	1.5	-	75.2
PVd	100	30.5 a	8.1	1.5	1.3	42.9	13.4 a	7.3	5.8	-	6.6	135.3 a	20.4	3.0	-	158.7
Less-developed soils
RR	0	17.1 b	10.3	2.2	1.4	31.0	9.5 b	4.7	6.2	4.5	6.2	54.2 b	16.5	4.9	2.3	77.8
RR	100	28.5 a	11.8	3.1	1.9	45.3	15.5 a	4.6	5.2	6.8	8.0	146.8 a	18.5	5.7	4.6	175.6
RL	0	28.2 a	17.5	6.1	3.3	55.1	7.9 b	4.8	6.5	6.3	6.4	74.5 b	29.1	14.3	7.5	125.4
RL	100	31.2 a	17.5	6.1	3.3	58.1	13.9 a	6.0	7.0	6.1	8.2	144.6 a	35.9	15.2	7.3	203.0
TX	0	28.8 a	22.6	14.3	7.9	73.6	24.3 b	9.5	7.4	5.0	11.5	230.4 b	73.2	37.9	14.6	356.2
TX	100	29.3 a	23.5	15.4	9.6	77.8	29.3 a	11.0	7.0	5.2	13.1	284.8 a	89.3	38.5	18.5	431.1
SX	0	18.8 a	17.4	12.3	11.9	60.4	9.7 a	7.2	6.7	4.4	7.0	60.9 a	43.3	29.3	19.5	153.0
SX	100	20.8 a	17.9	14.1	15.3	68.1	9.7 a	8.5	7.5	4.7	7.6	66.9 a	52.3	37.9	26.6	183.7
RY	0	29.2 a	23.5	18.3	30.4	101.4	28.8 b	21.6	14.6	12.1	19.3	280.3 b	174.4	95.7	134.1	684.4
RY	100	29.2 a	23.0	18.3	30.5	101.0	33.1 a	24.1	20.3	14.0	22.9	321.5 a	189.4	132.4	158.1	801.3
VX	0	19.4 a	11.9	14.6	24.1	70.0	33.7 b	29.8	23.2	14.0	25.2	217.9 a	123.0	121.4	127.0	589.3
VX	100	19.0 a	13.5	15.1	23.7	71.3	36.6 a	30.3	25.2	12.6	26.2	232.1 a	140.7	135.9	111.3	619.9

Variable	Dry matter			Absorbed K
Variable	MDS⁽¹⁾ (1) MDS - More-developed soils (n = 12 for each cycle individually and n = 48 for all the cycles);	LDS⁽²⁾ (2) LDS - Less-developed soils (n = 12 for each cycle individually and n = 48 for all the cycles);	ALL⁽³⁾ (3) ALL - All the soils (n = 24 for each cycle individually and n = 96 for all the cycles);	MDS⁽¹⁾ (1) MDS - More-developed soils (n = 12 for each cycle individually and n = 48 for all the cycles);	LDS⁽²⁾ (2) LDS - Less-developed soils (n = 12 for each cycle individually and n = 48 for all the cycles);	ALL⁽³⁾ (3) ALL - All the soils (n = 24 for each cycle individually and n = 96 for all the cycles);
First cycle
Kne	0.59^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	-0.16^ns ns Not significant	0.08^ns ns Not significant	0.67^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.24^ns ns Not significant	0.49^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Ke	0.74^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	-0.08^ns ns Not significant	0.26^ns ns Not significant	0.98^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.71^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.81^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Ks	0.60^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.63^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.58^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.92^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.62^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.57^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Second cycle
Kne	0.88^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.50^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.69^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.84^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.64^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.79^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Ke	0.99^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	-0.21^ns ns Not significant	0.32^ns ns Not significant	0.97^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.59^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.71^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Ks	0.03^ns ns Not significant	0.72^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.31^ns ns Not significant	0.05^ns ns Not significant	0.58^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.42^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Third cycle
Kne	0.85^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.77^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.88^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.87^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.57^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.74^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Ke	0.92^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.48^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.64^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.92^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.82^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.87^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Ks	-0.33^ns ns Not significant	0.53^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.47^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	-0.33^ns ns Not significant	0.35^ns ns Not significant	0.40^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Fourth cycle
Kne	0.90^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.81^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.89^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.89^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.64^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.76^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Ke	0.93^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.60^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.70^ns ns Not significant	0.91^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.66^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.74^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Ks	-0.60^ns ns Not significant	-0.01^ns ns Not significant	-0.16^ns ns Not significant	-0.49^ns ns Not significant	0.16^ns ns Not significant	0.01^ns ns Not significant
All the cycles
Kne	0.41^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.43^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.49^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.37^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.38^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.52^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Ke	0.90^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.39^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.58^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.98^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.74^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.82^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Ks	0.80^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.56^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.62^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.95^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.70^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.68^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;

Soil⁽¹⁾ (1) PA - Yellow Argisol; PAC - Gray Argisol; PVe - Eutrophic Red Argisol; PVA - Red Yellow Argisol; LA - Yellow Latosol; PVd - Dystrophic Red Argisol; RR - Regolithic Neosol; RL - Litholic Neosol; TX - Haplic Luvisol; SX - Haplic Planosol; RY - Fluvic Neosol; VX - Haplic Vertisol.	Dose	K released after four cycles			Absorbed K
	Dose	Kne	Ke	Σ (Kne + Ke)	Absorbed K
	mg dm^-3
More-developed soils
PA	0	6.7 (43) ⁽²⁾ (2) Values in parentheses are percentages calculated in relation to the absorbed K;	1.3 (08)	8.0 (51)	15.7
PA	100	9.9 (09)	93.1 (87)	103.0 (96)	107.5
PAC	0	7.4 (21)	19.8 (56)	27.2 (77)	35.1
PAC	100	16.7 (13)	113.1 (91)	129.8 (104)	124.5
PVe	0	55.8 (30)	169.7 (92)	225.5 (122)	184.7
PVe	100	109.9 (40)	278.9 (102)	388.8 (142)	273.8
PVA	0	3.8 (04)	84.3 (96)	88.1 (100)	88.0
PVA	100	40.6 (25)	167.8 (103)	208.4 (128)	162.3
LA	0	0.3 (00)	69.1 (88)	69.4 (89)	78.4
LA	100	19.7 (12)	166.5 (105)	186.2 (117)	158.5
PVd	0	38.1 (51)	67.9 (90)	106.0 (141)	75.2
PVd	100	51.6 (53)	152.6 (96)	204.2 (129)	158.7
Less-developed soils
RR	0	41.6 (53)	56.7 (73)	98.3 (126)	77.8
RR	100	43.0 (24)	148.3 (84)	191.3 (109)	175.6
RL	0	194.0 (155)	70.3 (56)	264.3 (211)	125.4
RL	100	211.4 (104)	131.8 (65)	343.2 (169)	203.0
TX	0	48.3 (14)	262.9 (74)	311.2 (87)	356.2
TX	100	48.6 (11)	357.9 (83)	406.5 (94)	431.1
SX	0	124.7 (82)	41.8 (27)	166.5 (109)	153.0
SX	100	230.7 (126)	39.4 (21)	270.1 (147)	183.7
RY	0	-277.6⁽³⁾ (3) Final values of non-exchangeable K were higher than the initial value	138.3 (20)	138.3 (20)	684.4
RY	100	-124.0	172.5 (22)	172.5 (22)	801.3
VX	0	80.0 (14)	221.4 (38)	301.4 (51)	589.3
VX	100	75.4 (12)	249.6 (40)	325.0 (52)	619.9

Regression equatio^ns ns Not significant	R²
All the soils
Y =16.03 + 1.3604^ ,*** and oSignificant at 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 probability level, respectively; K_e	0.59
Y = 179.84 + 0.3899^ns ns Not significant K_ne	0.03
Y =-23.16 + 1.3859^ ,*** and oSignificant at 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 probability level, respectively; K_e + 0.5155*K_ne	0.64
More-developed soils
Y = 14.63 + 0.9281^ ,*** and oSignificant at 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 probability level, respectively; K_e	0.99
Y = 71.49 + 1.8148^ ,*** and oSignificant at 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 probability level, respectively; K_ne	0.43
Y = 16.18 + 0.8861^ ,*** and oSignificant at 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 probability level, respectively; K_e + 0.1144^ns ns Not significant K_ne	0.99
Less-developed soils
Y = 72.22 + 1.3876^ ,*** and oSignificant at 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 probability level, respectively; K_e	0,61
Y = 395.88 - 0.9508^ns ns Not significant K_ne	0,13
Y = -223.27 + 1.5093^ ,*** and oSignificant at 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 probability level, respectively; K_e + 5.7201ºK_ne - 0.0205º(K_ne)²	0,72

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Variable	Dry matter			Absorbed K
Variable	MDS⁽¹⁾ (1) MDS - More-developed soils (n = 12 for each cycle individually and n = 48 for all the cycles);	LDS⁽²⁾ (2) LDS - Less-developed soils (n = 12 for each cycle individually and n = 48 for all the cycles);	ALL⁽³⁾ (3) ALL - All the soils (n = 24 for each cycle individually and n = 96 for all the cycles);	MDS⁽¹⁾ (1) MDS - More-developed soils (n = 12 for each cycle individually and n = 48 for all the cycles);	LDS⁽²⁾ (2) LDS - Less-developed soils (n = 12 for each cycle individually and n = 48 for all the cycles);	ALL⁽³⁾ (3) ALL - All the soils (n = 24 for each cycle individually and n = 96 for all the cycles);
First cycle
Kne	0.59^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	-0.16^ns ns Not significant	0.08^ns ns Not significant	0.67^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.24^ns ns Not significant	0.49^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Ke	0.74^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	-0.08^ns ns Not significant	0.26^ns ns Not significant	0.98^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.71^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.81^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Ks	0.60^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.63^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.58^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.92^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.62^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.57^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Second cycle
Kne	0.88^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.50^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.69^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.84^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.64^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.79^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Ke	0.99^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	-0.21^ns ns Not significant	0.32^ns ns Not significant	0.97^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.59^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.71^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Ks	0.03^ns ns Not significant	0.72^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.31^ns ns Not significant	0.05^ns ns Not significant	0.58^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.42^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Third cycle
Kne	0.85^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.77^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.88^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.87^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.57^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.74^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Ke	0.92^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.48^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.64^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.92^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.82^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.87^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Ks	-0.33^ns ns Not significant	0.53^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.47^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	-0.33^ns ns Not significant	0.35^ns ns Not significant	0.40^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Fourth cycle
Kne	0.90^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.81^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.89^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.89^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.64^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.76^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Ke	0.93^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.60^* *,** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.70^ns ns Not significant	0.91^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.66^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.74^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Ks	-0.60^ns ns Not significant	-0.01^ns ns Not significant	-0.16^ns ns Not significant	-0.49^ns ns Not significant	0.16^ns ns Not significant	0.01^ns ns Not significant
All the cycles
Kne	0.41^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.43^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.49^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.37^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.38^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.52^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Ke	0.90^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.39^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.58^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.98^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.74^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.82^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;
Ks	0.80^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.56^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.62^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.95^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.70^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;	0.68^ ,*** Significant at 0.05 and 0.01 probability level, respectively;