Drying and essential oil extraction of Brazilian peppertree (<i>Schinus terebinthifolius</i> Raddi) fruits

Governici, Julia L.; Sperotto, Naiara C. Z.; Melo, Evandro de C.; Gonzaga, Diego A.; Carneiro, Antônio P. S.

doi:10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v24n9p637-643

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Articles • Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient. 24 (9) • Sept 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v24n9p637-643 copy

Drying and essential oil extraction of Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi) fruits

Secagem e extração de óleo essencial de pimenta-rosa (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi)

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The objectives of this work were to determine the effect of the drying air temperature and fruit fragmentation on the essential oil yield of Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolius) fruits, to model drying curves, and evaluate the energy consumption of the drying process. The study was conducted in Viçosa, MG, Brazil, in May 2018. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design, in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement (3 drying air temperatures and 2 fruit fragmentation types), with three replications. Whole fruits (350 g) were dried at 50, 60, and 70 °C until the water content reached a water content of 0.11 on dry basis; 90 g of these fruits where kept in the dryer until reaching an equilibrium water content for the modeling. The data of drying were fitted to 12 mathematical models, whose performances were evaluated by the coefficient of determination, mean relative error, mean estimated error, and residue distribution. The essential oil was extracted by hydro-distillation using whole or fragmented fruits. Fruits dried at 50 °C and fragmented before extraction had higher essential oil yield. The use of air temperature of 70 °C resulted in lower drying time and energy consumption. The data fitted to the Midilli model satisfactorily, regardless of the drying air temperature.

Key words:
medicinal plant; post-harvest; mathematical modeling; temperature; fruit fragmentation

Model	Formula
Page	$R X = e x p (- k t^{n})$	(3)
Page modified	$R X = e x p [- {(k t)}^{n}]$	(4)
Thompson	$R X = e x p \{\frac{[- a - {(a^{2} + 4 b t)}^{\frac{1}{2}}]}{2 b}\}$	(5)
Newton	$R X = e x p (- k t)$	(6)
Midilli	$R X = a e x p (- k t^{n}) + b t$	(7)
Verma	$R X = a e x p (- k t) + (1 - a) e x p (- k_{1} t)$	(8)
Henderson and Pabis	$R X = a e x p (- k t)$	(9)
Henderson and Pabis modified	$R X = a e x p (- k t) + b e x p (- k_{0} t) + c e x p (- k_{1} t)$	(10)
Two terms	$R X = a e x p (- k t) + b e x p (- k_{1} t)$	(11)
Exponential two terms	$R X = a e x p (- k t) + (1 - a) e x p (- k a t)$	(12)
Approximation of diffusion	$R X = a e x p (- k t) + (1 - a) e x p (- k b t)$	(13)
Wang and Singh	$R X = 1 + a t + b t^{2}$	(14)

Model	T (°C)	P (%)	SE (decimal)	R² (%)	RD
Page	50	4.355	0.012	99.791	Tendentious
	60	3.497	0.012	99.830	Tendentious
	70	1.592	0.005	99.976	Random
Page modified	50	4.355	0.012	99.791	Tendentious
	60	3.498	0.012	99.830	Tendentious
	70	1.592	0.005	99.976	Random
Thompson	50	2.853	0.008	99.904	Tendentious
	60	2.785	0.009	99.896	Tendentious
	70	1.887	0.009	99.926	Tendentious
Newton	50	8.860	0.023	99.241	Tendentious
	60	5.109	0.015	99.685	Tendentious
	70	1.889	0.008	99.926	Tendentious
Midilli	50	0.890	0.004	99.982	Random
	60	1.014	0.003	99.987	Random
	70	0.734	0.004	99.988	Random
Verma	50	0.869	0.004	99.981	Random
	60	0.594	0.002	99.994	Random
	70	1.889	0.009	99.926	Tendentious
Henderson and Pabis	50	7.602	0.020	99.425	Tendentious
	60	4.841	0.015	99.715	Tendentious
	70	1.709	0.007	99.944	Tendentious
Henderson and Pabis modified	50	0.933	0.004	99.982	Random
	60	0.581	0.002	99.995	Random
	70	1.709	0.011	99.944	Tendentious
Two-term	50	0.933	0.004	99.982	Random
	60	0.598	0.002	99.994	Random
	70	1.709	0.009	99.944	Tendentious
Two-term exponential	50	3.203	0.009	99.889	Tendentious
	60	4.462	0.014	99.742	Tendentious
	70	2.043	0.010	99.908	Tendentious
Approximation of diffusion	50	0.870	0.004	99.981	Random
	60	0.594	0.002	99.994	Random
	70	1.406	0.005	99.980	Random
Wang and Singh	50	10.006	0.031	98.597	Tendentious
	60	5.212	0.019	99.536	Tendentious
	70	3.158	0.010	99.890	Tendentious

Coefficients of the model	Temperature (°C)
Coefficients of the model	50	60	70
k	0.026003	0.028339	0.037470
n	0.993336	1.044275	1.076749
a	0.997523	0.998492	0.998579
b	0.000575	0.000872	0.000475

Drying air temperature (°C)	Drying time (min)	Specific energy consumption (MJ kg^-1)	Consumed electric energy (kWh)
50	108.33 ± 2.89	112.63 ± 2.74	3.44 ± 0.09
60	71.67 ± 5.77	98.47 ± 7.84	3.02 ± 0.24
70	45.00 ± 0	73.65 ± 0.62	2.27 ± 0

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[1] Julia L. Governici - E-mail: julia.governici@gmail.com (Corresponding author)