Figs. 1–4
Cyclocephala melanocephala, adult; 1, 2, habitus (male, female); 3, 4, protibia and tarsus (male, female). Scale: 1, 2 = 5 mm; 3, 4 = 1 mm.
Figs. 5–6
Cyclocephala melanocephala, third instar larva; 5, lateral; 6, head, dorsal. t10, abdominal tergite X; usb, U-shaped sclerotized bar. Scale = 1 mm.
Figs. 7–12
Cyclocephala melanocephala, third instar larva; 7, cranium and clypeus, dorsal; 8, labrum, dorsal (epipharyngeal ventral setae omitted); 9–12, left antenna (dorsal, internal, external, ventral; external and internal sides with apex detail; some sensilla numbered to easily the correspondence; sensillum h can be absent). Chaetotaxy (italic) on the text. Scale = 0.5 mm (antennal details with magnification four times bigger than antennae).
Figs. 13–14
Cyclocephala melanocephala, third instar larva; 13, head, ventral (left side with submentum and cardo); 14, distended body tegument (hair-like setae represented by their puncture, abdominal segments 3–7 omitted). ab1–10, abdominal segment 1–10; ant, antennifer; esl, spiracle lobe; hyr, hypostomal rod; mda, cranio-mandibular acetabulum; mdc, cranio-mandibular condyle; mlf, maxillolabial complex foramen; pal, pleural anterior lobe; ppl, pleural posterior lobe; tal, tergal anterior lobe; tll, tergal lateral lobe; tpl, tergal posterior lobe; tnt, tentorium; th1–3, pro-, meso- and metathoracic; usb, U-shaped sclerotized bar; val, ventral anterior lobe; vml, ventral medial lobe; vpl, ventral posterior lobe. Scale = 0.5 mm.
Figs. 15–16
Cyclocephala melanocephala, third instar larva; 15, epipharynx; 16, cibarium. aca, anterior most acanthoparia seta; acr, lateroposterior acroparia seta; crp, right part of crepis; lip, ligular tubercle-like process; ppa, posterior preoral area. Scale = 0.5 mm.
Figs. 17–22
Cyclocephala melanocephala, third instar larva; 17–19, right mandible (ventral, internal, dorsal); left mandible (dorsal, internal, ventral). Scale = 0.5 mm.
Figs. 23–25
Cyclocephala melanocephala, third instar larva; 23, maxilla, internal; 24, maxilla, hypopharynx, ligula, dorsal; 25, maxilla, labium, ventral. ppa, posterior preoral area. Scale = 0.5 mm.
Figs. 26–42
Cyclocephala melanocephala, third instar larva; 26–28, right legs and pleurites (anterior, medial, posterior); 29–31, right pro-, meso- and metapretarsus, dorsal; 32–33, detail of perforations of mesothoracic spiracle (dorsal arm, medial area); 34–42, mesothoracic spiracle and abdominal spiracles I–VIII. Scale, Fig. 26 = 0.3 mm; Figs. 29, 34 = 0.1 mm; Fig. 32 = 0.05 mm.
Figs. 43–44
Cyclocephala melanocephala, third instar larva; 43, raster; 44, setae detail; a, pali; b, hamate setae; c, short setae; d, long setae. Scale, Fig. 43 = 1 mm; Fig. 44 = 0.5 mm.
Figs. 45–47
Cyclocephala melanocephala, female pupa (dorsal, ventral, lateral). Scale = 5 mm.
Figs. 48–51
Cyclocephala melanocephala, pupa; 48, head, frontal; 49–50, prosternal posterior process (male, female); 51, male terminalia, ventral. Scale = 2 mm.
Fig. 52
Ethogram of mating behavior of Cyclocephala melanocephala (n = 23 couples) in the laboratory.
Fig. 53
(a) Average temperature (ºC) and radiation (kJ/m2) obtained from meteorological station (INMET). (b) Adults of Cyclocephala melanocephala collected with a light trap. Means followed by the same letters do not differ by the Skott-Knott test (p < 0.05) (b). Data transformed into x+1. Data from October 30 to November 2, 2014. Cassilândia, Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil.
