Fig. 1
Adult of Phyllocnistis hemera, dorsal view: (A) wings spread, pinned and dried (LMCI 306-47); (B) wings folded, on mm.
Fig. 2
P. hemera genitalia under light microscopy: (A–D) male genitalia; (E–G) female genitalia. (A) apex of left valva, mesal view (LMCI 319-69); (B) left corema, ventral (LMCI 306-26); (C) male genitalia, ventral; (D) aedeagus, lateral (LMCI 306-36); (E) female genitalia, ventral; (F) female last abdominal segments, lateral (LMCI 306-49) with the ostium bursae indicated by arrow; (G) signum in detail, ventral (LMCI 306-49). Scale bars: 50 (A, B, D), 100 (C, F, G), 400 µm (E).
Fig. 3
Larval and pupal morphology of P. hemera under light microscopy: (A) sap-feeding larva, dorsal and ventral views; (B) spinning larva, dorsal and ventral; (C) pupa, dorsal, ventral and lateral, respectively. Scale bars: 500 µm.
Fig. 4
Scanning electron micrographs of P. hemera sap-feeding larva: (A–D) head under dorsal, ventral, anterior and lateral views (arrow indicates stemma); (E) labrum, dorsal; (F) labium, ventral (arrow indicates spinneret aperture); (G) antenna, ventral; (H) stemma in detail (indicated by arrow in D), lateral; (I) prothoracic spiracle, dorsal; (J) segment A7, ventral; (K) segments A8-10, ventral; (L) detail of latero-ventral lobe indicated by arrow in K, ventral; (M, N) latero-dorsal lobe, highlighted by the red rectangle in K, lateral and dorsal; (O) last abdominal segment, ventral. Scale bars: 200 (A, B, D, K), 70 (C), 100 (E, F, O), 30 (G), 20 (H), 10 (I), 250 (J), 25 (L), 50 (M), 40 µm (N).
Fig. 5
Scanning electron micrographs of P. hemera spinning larva: (A, B) head, dorsal and ventral views; (C) spinneret, antero-lateral (arrow indicates functional aperture); (D) head, lateral; (E) detail of trophic lobe, dorsal; (F) prothoracic shield, dorsal; (G) prothoracic spiracle, lateral; (H) antenna, anterior; (I) meso- and metathoracic calli, ventral; (J) mesothoracic callus in detail (indicated by rectangle in I), ventral; (K) abdominal segments Ab 7-10, dorsal; (L) latero-sensillum indicated by arrow in K, dorsal; (M) abdominal segment Ab 7, ventral (arrow indicates one of the calli); (N) callus in detail, ventral (indicated by arrow in M); (O) last abdominal segment, ventral. Scale bars: 200 (A, B, D, E, K), 150 (C,F), 10 (G, N), 20 (H, L), 250 (I), 80 (J, O), 100 µm (M).
Fig. 6
Scanning electron micrographs of P. hemera pupa: (A) head, lateral view; (B) setae over clypeus, ventral; (C, D) cocoon-cutter, ventral and dorsal; (E) terga of abdominal segments Ab 3-4, dorsal; (F) detail of segment Ab 3, dorsal; (G) lateral seta with fine apex, adjacent to spiracle on abdominal segment Ab 4, dorsal; (H) lateral seta of Ab 7 with clavate apex, dorsal; (I) detail of tergum of Ab 3, lateral; (J–L) last abdominal segments, lateral, dorsal and ventral. Scale bars: 200 (A), 80 (B), 100 (C, D, G, K, L), 400 (E), 150 µm (F, H, I, J).
Fig. 7
Natural history of P. hemera: (A) Host plant, Daphnopsis fasciculata at the type locality; (B) seedling of D. fasciculata with several mines; (C) leaf with a single P. hemera mine on adaxial surface (closed and open arrows indicate the beginning and final portions of the mine); (D) sap-feeding larva, latero-dorsal view; (E) spinning larva, latero-dorsal; (F) pupal cocoon, dorsal; (G) pupa, dorsal; (H) pupal exuvium protruded from cocoon after adult emergence. Scale bars: 40 (B), 3 (C), 1 (D, E, G, H), 0.3 mm (F).
Fig. 8
Transverse histological sections of
P. hemera mine on
Daphnopsis fasciculata leaf. (A) initial portion (location indicated by dashed line in
Fig. 7C); (B) detail of initial portion (enlarged area marked with a rectangle in A); (C) intermediate portion (location indicated by unbroken line in
Fig. 7C); (D, E) details of intermediate portion (enlarged areas marked with rectangles in C). Asterisks indicate intact cells of epidermis. Closed and open arrows indicate cellular fragments left on epidermis and palisade parenchyma after feeding. Ab, abaxial surface of epidermis; Ad, adaxial surface of epidermis; Lm, leaf mine; Pp, palisade parenchyma; Sp, spongy parenchyma. Scale bars = 100 (A, C), 50 µm (B, D, E).
Fig. 9
Phylogenetic reconstruction for P. hemera based on 660 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I gene (‘DNA barcode’ region) using three methods: (A) distance (Neighbor-joining), (B) Maximum likelihood, and (C) Bayesian inference. Numbers above branches indicate node support (bootstrap for A and B and posterior probability for C). Samples in blue highlight the new taxon.
