Insect galls on Bauhinia cupulata (Fabaceae): morphotypes characterization and description of a new species of Schizomyia (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera)

ABSTRACT

Galls on Bauhinia cupulata (Fabaceae) were investigated in two physiognomies of the Cerrado, riparian and dry forest, in the municipality of Barreiras (Western Bahia, Brazil) from October 2012 to July 2014. Four insect gall morphotypes were found. They were characterized based on shape, color, indumentum, plant organ of occurrence and galling taxon. A new galling species, Schizomyia barreirensis, is described, illustrated (larva, pupa, male, female and gall) and compared to other Neotropical congeneric species.

Keywords:
Cerrado; Gall midge; Insect–plant interaction

Introduction

Many Brazilian inventories point out the Fabaceae as one of the plant families with the highest number of insect galls (Araújo et al., 2011, 2014, 2015; Coelho et al., 2009; Fernandes et al., 1988, 1997; Gonçalves-Alvim and Fernandes, 2001; Luz et al., 2012; Maia and Fernandes, 2004; Santos et al., 2012; Urso-Guimarães and Scareli-Santos, 2006).

Among this family, Bauhinia Plum. ex L. Plum. is a speciose pantropical genus, within 150–160 species (Vaz and Tozzi, 2003). It is more abundant in the Neotropics with around 110 species, 98 of them recorded in Brazil (Vaz and Tozzi, 2003). Only 13 species of this genus, B. acuruana Moric, B. brevipes Vogel, B. cheilantha (Bong.) Steud., B. curvula Benth., B. forcicata Link., B. holophylla (Bong.) Steud., B. longifolia (Bong.) Steud., B. mollis (Bong.), B. cf. outimouta Aubl., B. pulchella Benth., B. rufa Graham, B. ungulata L. and Bauhinia cupulata Benth. host insect galls in Brazil (Araújo et al., 2011, 2015; Coelho et al., 2009; Costa et al., 2014; Fernandes et al., 1988, 1997; Gonçalves-Alvim and Fernandes, 2001; Luz et al., 2012; Saito and Urso-Guimarães, 2012; Urso-Guimarães and Scareli-Santos, 2006; Urso-Guimarães et al., 2003; Lima and Calado, 2018). Additionally, morphotypes were recorded on undetermined species of Bauhinia (Araújo et al., 2012, 2015; Carneiro et al., 2009; Fernandes et al., 1997; Maia, 2014; Maia and Carvalho-Fernandes, 2016; Nogueira et al., 2016; Ribeiro et al., 2019; Santos et al., 2012; Silva et al., 2018). According to Silva et al. (2018), Bauhinia hosts a great diversity of insect galls, which probably is due to genus be very speciose. Nevertheless, only three galling species were identified: Asphondylia micropillata Maia, 2005, Schizomyia macropillata Maia, 2005 and S. tuiuiu Urso-Guimarães and Amorim, 2002. The other gallers were identified in order or family level.

In the present study, Bauhinia cupulata Benth. (Fabaceae), popularly known as “pata-de-vaca”, was surveyed for insect galls. It is a native shrub or a small tree that occurs in the states of Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe, Goiás, Pará, Tocantins, Distrito Federal, Mato Grosso, and Mato Grosso do Sul and can be found in three phytogeographic domains: Amazon, Cerrado and Caatinga (Vaz and Tozzi, 2003). Galls on Bauhinia cupulata have been cited by Lima and Calado (2018).

This study aims to characterize the insect galls in Bauhinia cupulata and describe a new species of Schizomyia, which induces a leaf gall on this host plant.

Material and methods

Studied area: Two physiognomies of Cerrado were investigated in the municipality of Barreiras (western portion of the state of Bahia, Brazil): a riparian forest area at Rio de Ondas in Fazenda do Gentil (45°14′35.17″W and 12°12′46.51″S) and a dry forest area in the Campus Reitor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia – UFOB (45°01′06.54″W and 12°08′53.05″S).

Field works were developed monthly from October 2012 to July 2014. Fertile branches of the host plant were collected and dried. The exsiccate was identified by Juliana Ribas de Menezes (UFOB) as Bauhinia cupulata and the voucher material was deposited in the herbarium of UFOB. Fifty individuals of the host plant were surveyed for insect galls. Each gall morphotype was photographed and characterized by shape, color, organ plant, presence/absence of trichomes, number of internal chambers and galling insect. For leaf galls, the occurrence in the adaxial or abaxial surface was observed.

To obtain the adults, two galled branches of each individual of the host plant were randomly bagged in the field with “voil” until the galls putrefaction. The bags were weekly checked. Other samples were taken to the laboratory, where they were dissected to obtain larvae and pupae of each galling insect. Adults and immature stages were fixed in 70% alcohol in labeled tubes. Later, they were mounted on slides, following the methodology outlined by Gagné (1994). Keys present in Gagné (1994) were used to identify the genera. Part of the material is deposited in the Entomological Colletion of Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ) and part in the Entomological Collection of the UFOB. Morphological terminology for adults and immature stages follows that of Gagné (1994).

Results

Four gall morphotypes were found on Bauhinia cupulata. One is globoid, one-chambered, on the leaf adaxial surface. It is induced by Schizomyia sp. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). This gall suffers morphological changes during its development. In the early stage, it is green and glabrous. Later, it becomes entirely covered with red trichomes. Then, the trichomes become white and finally brown in the mature gall (Figs. 1–6). The other is fusiform, brown, glabrous, one-chambered, on stems. Its inducer was not determined, as the galls were already empty when collected, presenting several emergence holes (Fig. 7). The third morphotype is globoid, brown, glabrous, one-chambered, on stems. It is induced by Asphondylia sp. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) (Figs. 8–10). The fourth is globoid, greenish or yellowish, with trichomes, projected simultaneously on the leaf adaxial and abaxial surfaces. It is induced by Alycaulini (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) (Figs. 11 and 12). Considering the high specificity of the galling species, these inducers are probably new, as there is no described gall midge species in association with Bauhinia cupulata.

Figs. 1–6
Different development stages of galls induced by Schizomyia barreirensis, sp. n. (1) First stage. (2) Second stage. (3) Third stage. (4) Fourth stage. (5) Fifth stage. (6) Last stage (gall cut open to show the larval chamber).

Figs 7–12
General view of galls in Bauhinia cupulata (Fabaceae). (7) Fusiform stem gall, inducer not determined; (8–10) Globoid stem gall induced by Asphondylia sp.; (11–12) Globoid leaf galls induced by Alycaulini on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces, respectively.

A more detailed morphological study of Schizomyia sp. confirmed that it belongs to a new species, which is described herein. Schizomyia Kieffer, 1889 is characterized by presenting needlelike ovipositor, four-segmented palpi, and larva with four pairs of terminal papillae (Gagné, 1994). This is a cosmopolitan genus with 55 species, eleven Neotropical, namely: S. ipomoeae Felt, 1910; S. loroco Gagné, 2008; S. manihoti Tavares, 1925; S. maricaensis Souza and Maia, 2007; S. microcapillata Maia, 2005; S. rivinae Felt, 1908; S. santosi Maia and Araújo, 2009; S. serjaniae Möhn 1960; S. spherica Maia and Oliveira, 2007; S. stachytarphetae Barnes 1932; and S. tuiuiu Urso-Guimarães and Amorim 2002 (Gagné and Jaschhof, 2017).

Schizomyia barreirensis sp. nov.

Description.Adult. Body length, 1.36–1.80 mm in male (n = 12); 1.72–2.0 mm in female (n = 11). Head (Fig. 13). Occipital process present. Eyes facets hexagonal. Antennae: scape cylindrical and setose; pedicel globular setose; 12 flagellomeres banded in both sexes (yellowish on proximal 1/2 to 1/3 and fuscous on distal 1/2), all cylindrical with bare neck. Circumfila sinuous in male (Fig. 14) and linear in female (Fig. 15). Frontoclypeus with 8–9 setae per side (n = 5). Labrum triangular with 3 pairs of setae. Labellae elongated and convex in frontal view, each with 5 lateral setae and three short mesal setae (n = 3). Palpus 4-segmented; the first segment ovoid and others cylindrical, increasing in length, all setose. Length of palpus: segment I: 0.03 mm; II: 0.05–0.06; III: 0.07–0.08 and IV: 0.09 (n = 2). Hypopharynx similar to the labrum and setulose apically. Thorax. Scutum with 2 longitudinal central rows of setae with a few scales intermixed, 2 longitudinal lateral rows of setae along most of scutal length with a few scales intermixed; scutellum with single posterior row of setae, some scattered setae at midlength and few scales; anepimeron with a longitudinal single row of setae, except anteriorly, where the setae are more numerous, other pleura bare. Wing. Length (from arculus to the apex): male, 1.36–1.92 mm (n = 10); female, 1.72–2.32 mm (n = 8). Tarsal claws simple in all legs, 7.5 times as long as pulvilli, empodium long and well developed not exceeding the curvature of claws (Fig. 16).

Figs. 13–18
Schizomyia barreirensis sp. n. (13) Male, head (frontal view); (14) Male, flagellomere 3; (15) Female, flagellomere 2; (16) Tarsal claws and empodium; (17) Male, abdominal segments 3–8 (lateral view); (18) Male, terminalia (dorsal view). Scale bars in mm.

Male abdomen (Fig. 17): First through sixth tergites entire, rectangular, each with single, uninterrupted, posterior row of setae, no lateral setae, a pair of trichoid sensilla on anterior margin, and otherwise evenly covered with scales. Seventh tergite entire, rectangular with more numerous posterior setae, irregularly distributed, not forming a row, no lateral setae, a pair of trichoid sensilla on anterior margin, and otherwise evenly covered with scales. Eighth tergite pigmented, narrow, with only the anterior pair of trichoid sensilla. Second through sixth sternites rectangular, more strongly pigmented at midlength and posteriorly, with single posterior row of setae, separated from a horizontal group of setae at midlength, lateral setae, a anterior pair of closely approximated trichoid sensilla, and otherwise evenly covered with scales. Seventh and eigth sternites similar to preceding except for its uniform pigmentation and more numerous setae near midlength, and the anterior pair of the trichoid sensilla of the eigth sternite widely separated from one another. Male terminalia (Figs. 18). Gonocoxite narrow and setose, elongated, about 2.3 times longer than wide, produced posteroventrally, proximomedial lobe setose, gonostylus rectangular, about twice as longer than wide, setose, apical tooth covering almost all apical edge; cercus wide, setose, with triangular lobes, approximately as long as hypoproct; hypoproct narrow, approximately as wide as aedeagus, apically divided into two lobes each with an apical with seta; aedeagus gradually tapering from wide base to narrow, acute apically, longer than hypoproct. Female abdomen (Fig. 19): tergites 1–7 as in male, tergite 8 sclerotized, with a lateral reentrance, a basal pair of trichoid sensilla, caudal rows of setae, some lateral setae and scattered scales. First through sixth tergites as for male. Seventh tergite with single, full row of posterior setae and several lateral setae. Eighth tergite with anterior pair of trichoid sensilla as the only vestiture, posterior margin deeply concave on lateral third and shallowly concave medially, the concavity accommodating pair of small dorsal lobes between tergite and ovipositor. Second through sixth sternites as for male. Seventh sternite enlarged, more strongly sclerotized than preceding and completely covered with setae.

Figs. 19 and 20
Schizomyia barreirensis, sp. n. (19) Female, abdominal segments 7–8 (lateral view); (20) Ovipositor (ventral view). Scale bars in mm.

Ovipositor (Figs. 19 and 20). Elongate, protrusible, needle part about 1.8 times length of seventh sternite; cerci separate, with setae at midlength and apically.

Pupa. Weakly sclerotized with light brown color. Body length 1.84–2.2 mm (n = 3). Head (Fig. 21): base of antenna obtusely quadrangular at apex in ventral view, cephalic setae 0.09 mm long (n = 1), tegument grainy, 3 pairs of lateral facial papillae (1 pair with short seta and the others asetose); 2 pairs of lower facial papillae (1 pair with long setae, and other asetose). Thorax: Prothoracic spiracle elongate, setiform, 0.16–0.19 mm long (n = 4) (Fig. 21). Wing sheath reaching the distal margin of the third abdominal segment; foreleg, midleg and hindleg sheaths reaching, respectively the distal 1/5 of the fifth abdominal segment, the distal 1/4 of the sixth abdominal segment and perpassing slightly the 1/2 of the seventh abdominal segment. Abdomen (Fig. 22): Segments 2–7 with dorsal spines of the varying sizes in the basal half, only on the disk, followed by many tiny spinules throughout the rest of the segment, except in the distal quarter, where there are soft sculptures. Segment 8 with at least four dorsal short spines in the basal half, on the disc, many tiny spinules elsewhere.

Figs. 21–24
Schizomyia barreirensis, sp. n., immature stages. (21–22) Pupa. (21) Head pupal (frontal view). (22) Abdominal segment 6 (dorsal view); (23–24) Larva. (23) Prothoracic spatula, sternal and lateral papillae (ventral view). (24) Terminal segment with terminal papillae (dorsal view). Scale bars in mm.

Larva. Color orange. Body elongate and fusiform. Length: 2.73–3.6 mm (n = 15). Integument completely grainy. Spatula (Fig. 23) robust with 2 teeth, with 0.18–0.20 mm (n = 9). Apical teeth spaced out, stalk striated and elongated. Lateral papillae into two groups of three papillae each, one bare and the other with seta. Abdominal segment 8 with medial projection bearing pair of papillae setose. Terminal segment convex with four pairs of papillae: one recurved and corniform and three with short setae (one of them with seta longer than the others) (Fig. 24).

Material examined. Holotype male. BRAZIL, Bahia: Barreiras, 11.XI.2013. D. Santos col. (MNRJ). Paratypes: same data, 1 male (MNRJ), 1 female (MNRJ); same locality and collector: 3 males, 26.X.2013 (MNRJ); 2 females and 4 pupal exuviae, 10.X.2013 (MNRJ); 1 female, 03.XI.2012 (UFOB); 1 female and 1 male, 11.XI.2013 (UFOB); 1 male, 26.X.2013 (UFOB); 2 pupal exuviae, 13.VII.2014 (MNRJ); 2 pupal exuvia, 13.II.2014 (MNRJ); 1 larva, 19.VI.2013 (MNRJ); 2 larvae, 20.VI.2013 (MNRJ); 1 larva, 14.VI.2013 (MNRJ); 1 larva, 03.VII.2013 (MNRJ); 1 larva, 18.V.2014 (MNRJ). Additional material: BRAZIL, Bahia: Barreiras, same locality and collector, 4 males, 2 females, 10.X.2013, 1 pupal exuvia, 28.X.2012; 1 larva, 20.VI.2013; 1 larva, 18.II.2014; 2 larvae, 23.II.2014; 2 larvae, 18.V.2014 (MNRJ).

Etymology. The specific epithet “barreirensis” refers to the type-locality: Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil.

Remarks. The Schizomyia species known from the Western Hemisphere can be divided into two groups based on acropod features, one with falcate claws and empodia no more than 1/3 the length of the claws and the other with hook-like tarsal claws and empodia nearly as long as the claws. The new species belongs to the second group, which also includes S. ipomoeae Felt, 1910, S. maricaensis Souza & Maia, 2007, S. macrocapillata Maia, 2005, S. santosi Maia & Araújo, 2009, S. serjaniae Möhn, 1960, S. spherica Maia & Oliveira, 2007, S. stachytarphetae Barnes, 1932, and S. tuiuiu Urso-Guimarães & Amorim, 2002. Only two of them, S. macrocapillata and S. tuiuiu, induce galls on the same plant family and same plant genus of those of S. barreirensis, but in different host species: B. brevipes Vogel, B. rufa (Bong.) Steud., and B. cupulata respectively. These three species were collected in Cerrado areas.

Among the second group of species, S. barreirensis presents more morphological similarities to S. macropillata regarding the adults’ characters. The number of frontoclipeal setae is 14–18 in S. barreirensis, 14–16 in S. macropillata, 53 in S. maricaensis, 13–24 in S. santosi, 20 in S. spherica, 14 in S. tuiuiu, no data on S. serjaniae). The gonostyli are rectangular to ovoid in S. barreirensis, S. macropillata, S. maricaensis and S. macropillata, conical in S. santosi,; claviform in S. spherica, bifid in S. ipomoeae; the males of S. tuiuiu and of S. serjaniae are unknown. The needle part of the ovipositor is 1.8 times as long as the 7th sternite in S. barreirensis, 1.9 in S. macropillata, 2.6 in S. spherica, 2.8 in S. maricaensis, 5.0 in S. tuiuiu, 5.8 in S. santosi, no data on S. serjaniae). Immature phases of S. barreirensis and those of S. macropillata also present morphological similarities, such as: length of the apical seta (pupa) – 0.09 mm long in S. barreirensis, 0.09–0.10 mm in S. tuiuiu, 0.02–0.04 mm in S. maricaensis, 0.07 mm in S. santosi, 0.12 mm in S. spherical, 0.08 mm in S. tuiuiu, no data on S. serjaniae), length of the prothoracic spatula (pupa) – 0.18–0.20 mm in S. barreirensis, 0.20 mm in S. macropillata, 0.14 mm in S. santosi, 0.17 mm in S. spherical, 0.28–0.58 mm in S. serjaniae, the larvae of S. maricaensis and of S. tuiuiu are unknown.

Many of these characters were not described for S. serjaniae, whose pupa and male are unknown. Nevertheless, the following characters can be used to distinguish the new species from S. serjaniae: shape and proportions of the last two flagellomeres (11th and 12th cylindrical and gradually shorter than the precedent in S. barreirensis; 11th ovoid, 12th globoid, both conspicuously shorter than the precedent in S. serjaniae), shape of the tarsal claws (almost straight in S. barreirensis and accentually curved in S. serjaniae), and shape of the spatula (anterior teeth with concave outer margin in S. barreirensis; anterior teeth with convex outer margin in S. serjaniae).

The new species differs from S. macropillata in the following characters: in adults – palpi with first segment obconical (spherical in the latter), labellae with acuminate apex (rounded edge in the latter), longer gonocoxites, in pupae – longer prothoracic spiracle (0.16–0.19 mm in S. barreirensis and 0.06–0.09 mm in S. macropillata) and dorsal spines from the 2nd to 7th abdominal segments (from the 3rd to 9th abdominal segments in S. macropillata).

Acknowledgments

VCM thanks to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (Process. 301481/2017-2) for the financial support. This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  13 Jan 2020
• Date of issue
  Oct-Dec 2019

History

• Received
  24 Apr 2019
• Accepted
  19 July 2019