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Nemoricantor maya (Hubbell, 1938)
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Not described. |
The couple adopts a facing position while the male chirps quite regularly, with the tegmina held in an almost vertical position, occasionally moving his body up and down. The male exposes the spermatophore, lowers his tegmina, turns around, and raises his tegmina again towards an upright position, chirping if the female does not mount immediately after his turn. By touching her palps or tarsi on the male's back, the female encourages the male to extend and lift the terminal portion of his abdomen, extruding his genitalia under the female, which, at the same instant, advances on him. |
The male attaches his genitalia in the female genitalia performing several upward thrusts of his abdomen before becoming motionless. Male holds his wings a bit forward from vertical, and the female's head is held motionless behind the wings, as well as the male's and the female's antennae are held in an almost vertical position. Copulation lasted almost seven minutes. |
The female suddenly leaves the mating position, and the male retains the spermatophore, removing it by dragging the end of his abdomen on the substrate, while the female remains stationary nearby. While eating the spermatophore, the male begins to stridulate and, after ingesting the spermatophore, the male reestablishes antennal contact with the female and continues to stridulate. A new spermatophore can be produced within five minutes from the end of mating. However, no remating was observed during the observations period, ca. 24 min. |
Alexander and Otte (1967)Alexander, R.D., Otte, D., 1967. The evolution of genitalia and mating behavior in crickets (Gryllidae) and other Orthoptera. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 133, 5-65., Boake (1984a)Boake, C.R.B., 1984a. Male displays and female preferences in the courtship of a gregarious cricket. Anim. Behav. 32, 690-697. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(84)80144-X.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(84)80...
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Phaeophilacris spectrum (Saussure, 1878)
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The couple touches the antennae, and the male starts flapping his wings several times, and in an unusual way, while the females behave passively even when touched by the male. Antennae contact, called "antennae play", can occur after the male examines the female, and this behavior precedes courtship. |
The male raises the tegmina up to more than 90º, inclines his body, and moves his tegmina towards the female, positioning himself in front of the female. The male then lowers the abdomen to the base and slightly spreads the wings. The female touches the male several times, while the male pushes himself further and further back, placing himself under the female with the tegmina vertically oriented. |
Copulation begins with the coupling of the genitalia and introduction of the spermatophore duct into the female's genital papilla. Then the male strokes, rhythmically and at short intervals, the female's abdominal flanks. Copulation ends with the couple's decoupling. Copulation can last up to 75 min. |
After decoupling, the male removes the spermatophore by dragging his abdomen on the substrate and eats it. |
Dambach and Lichtenstein (1978)Dambach, V.M., Lichtenstein, L., 1978. Zur ethologie der Afrikanischen grille Phaeophilacris spectrum Saussure. Z. Tierpsychol. 46, 14-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978.tb01435.x.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1978...
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Vanzoliniella sambophilade Mello & Cezar dos Reis, 1994
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The males touch their antennae to any part of the female's body, stay still for a few minutes, and then begin again to touch the female's body with their antennae. |
With the head turned towards the female, the male raises his tegmina about 45º and begins to stridulate. This behavior can last for hours if the female is not receptive. Along with the emission of acoustic signals, the male performs two or three drumming sequences of drumming on the substrate. If receptive, the female touches her antennae on the male's body and touches her forelegs on the male's back. When touched by the female, the male rotates 180º, directs his terminalia to the female positioning his tegmina over his head, exposing the metanotum and tergal glands. The female palpates her back and begins to feed on the secretions released in the metanotum. |
The female everts the copulatory papilla, while the male couples his genitals to the female's, initiating copulation. During copulation, the male maintains his tegmina positioned over his head while the female feeds on the secretions released in the metanotum. Copulation does not occur if there are no leaves in the arena, which allows forelegs drumming by the male. Copulation can last up to 57 min. |
Not described. |
de Mello and dos Reis (1994)de Mello, F.A.G., dos Reis, J.C., 1994. Substrate drumming and wing stridulation performed during courtship by a new Brazilian cricket (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae). J. Orthoptera Res. 2, 21-24. https://doi.org/10.2307/3503603.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3503603...
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Luzarida recondita(
Nischk & Otte, 2000
Nischk, F., Otte, D., 2000. Bioacoustics, ecology and systematics of Ecuadorian rainforest crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Phalangopsinae), with a description of four new genera and ten species. J. Orthoptera Res. 9, 229-254. https://doi.org/10.2307/3503651.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3503651...
)
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Not described. |
The male begins to produce acoustic signals (trills), pointing his abdomen towards the female. With his tegmina raised, the male exposes the metanotum and then produces a new sequence of trills. The female then mounts onto the male from behind and began to feed on the secretions released in the metanotum. |
The male couples his genitals to the female's genitals, copulation begins, and the couple remains in this position for 20 min. After this time, the female stops feeding on the secretions released in the metanotum and tries to detach herself from the male. Otherwise, the couple remains connected by the genitalia, but no longer in a copulation position. The pair remains in this position for 20 min and then the male separates from the female. The copulation lasts about 40 min. |
Not described. |
Nischk and Otte (2000)Nischk, F., Otte, D., 2000. Bioacoustics, ecology and systematics of Ecuadorian rainforest crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae: Phalangopsinae), with a description of four new genera and ten species. J. Orthoptera Res. 9, 229-254. https://doi.org/10.2307/3503651.
https://doi.org/10.2307/3503651...
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Strinatia brevipennis Chopard, 1970
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Not described. |
Female feeds over the male. |
The male's terminalia is directed towards the female's terminalia. The male produces the spermatophore, places it in contact with the female terminalia, then transferring the sperm. Copulation lasts about 1 hour. |
The male rubs his abdomen against the substrate, removes the spermatophore and eats it. |
Gnaspini and Pelegatti-Franco (2002)Gnaspini, P., Pelegatti-Franco, F., 2002. The cavernicolous Strinatia brevipennis Chopard, 1970 and the epigean Endecous itatibensis Rehn, 1918 (Ensifera: Phalangopsidae) in the laboratory. I. Feeding, reproduction and egg survival. G. It. Ent. 10, 123-132.
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Endecous (Endecous) itatibensis Rehn, 1918
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Not described. |
The male raises his tegmina vertically and begins to stridulate. Then he stops stridulating, turns his abdomen to female and starts stridulating again. The female mount over the male’s back and begins to feed on the secretions released in the metanotum, while the male remains with the tegmina vertically oriented. |
The authors mention that the mating behavior resembles the behavior observed in Strinatia brevipennis. |
The authors mention that the post-copulation behaviors are like such observed in Strinatia brevipennis. |
Gnaspini and Pelegatti-Franco (2002)Gnaspini, P., Pelegatti-Franco, F., 2002. The cavernicolous Strinatia brevipennis Chopard, 1970 and the epigean Endecous itatibensis Rehn, 1918 (Ensifera: Phalangopsidae) in the laboratory. I. Feeding, reproduction and egg survival. G. It. Ent. 10, 123-132.
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Eidmanacriscorumbatai García-Novo, 1998
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The pair-formation behaviors were described based on the combination of two males and several females, as there was no copulation in the other pair combinations. When placed together, males and females remained immobile for about 2 hours before antennal contact. |
After sexual recognition, the males began waving their whip-like antennae. Initially, the females did not respond to the males and continued walking around the container, feeding and grooming themselves. The waving of the antennae was sometimes interrupted for a few seconds and, in addition to this movement, the males also shook their bodies and drummed the bottom of the container with one of their forelegs. |
About 2 h after courtship began, the dominant male was approached by a female who made antennal contact. The female then stopped antennal movement and became indifferent to the male's behavior. The male turned 180º, directing his genitalia to the immobile female, which only showed interest in climbing on the male's back when the male raised her tegmina to 180º and exposed the metanotum. The female touched the male's back with her antennae and tried to climb on the male, who moved away a few millimeters (inciting behavior). Soon after, the female climbed onto the male and began to feed on the secretions released in the metanotum. During this period, the male exposed the spermatophore and inserted it into the female's genitalia. After 5 minutes, the female stopped feeding and dismounted from the male, even if remained connected by their genitals (end-to-end) for about 60 minutes. During this time, the male would shake his body rapidly. |
Not described. |
Prado (2006)Prado, R., 2006. Reproductive behavior of Eidmanacris corumbatai Garcia (Orthoptera: phalangopsidae). Neotrop. Entomol. 35, 452-457. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2006000400005.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X200600...
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Aracamby de Mello, 1992
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Not described. |
As the female's integument dried and hardened, an adult male began a brief courtship (seconds). |
As the female did not respond to courtship, the male turned to her, slid his terminalia under her body and quickly attached his genitalia to hers. In the three observed cases, the females, with the body wall still very soft, tried to move and free themselves, but the copulation continued until the males released them. |
It is only reported that two of the females began to lay eggs within a few weeks from forced copulation and produced offspring. |
de Mello (2007)de Mello, F.A.G., 2007. Female monopolization and paternity assurance in South American crickets (Orthoptera, Grylloidea): mating plugs, extra claspers and forced copulation. Pap. Avulsos Zool. 47, 245-257. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0031-10492007002000001.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0031-1049200700...
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Adelosgryllusrubricephalus Mesa & Zefa, 2004
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When placed together, the male was always more active than the female. The male walks a lot around the arena, palpating and antennating substrate, reaching the female and antennating her body. |
After antennal recognition, the male initiates different types of intermittent behaviors: medio-lateral vibration of the antennae, anteroposterior spasms, and stridulation, always turning its abdomen towards the female. During the courtship, the receptive female approaches and touches the male's abdomen, cerci, or forelegs with her hindlegs or palps. The male then exposes the spermatophore, always after the female's contact. After the extrusion of the spermatophore, the male continues vibrating his antennae, shaking his body and stridulating intermittently, while the female intensifies her drumming. |
After courtship behavior, male walks back underneath female, (female-above position), the couple attaches, and the male transfer the spermatophore. In the copulating position, male maintain his tegmina inclined forward, and female's head is held behind male forewings. Both male's and female's antennae are held motionless forward, and eventually the male lifts his abdomen tip thrusting against the female's abdomen. After female steps off male, both perform a brief end-to-end position. Copulation last ca. 6.7 min. |
There is no guarding behavior, and the male retains the spermatophore, bends his body to picks it up and eats it immediately. A few minutes later, male starts courtship behavior again. |
Zefa et al. (2008)Zefa, E., Pinho-Martins, L., Szinwelski, N., 2008. Complex mating behavior in Adelosgryllus rubricephalus (Orthoptera, Phalangopsidae, Grylloidea). Iheringia Ser. Zool. 98, 325-328. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212008000300006.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-4721200800...
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Pizacris zefai (Mews & Sperber, 2010)
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Not described. |
Not described. |
This species copulates in the female-above position with the male having the tegmina raised. During mating, the female touches the male's back, head and pronotum with the maxillary palps and the ventral surface of the male's tegmina with the labial palps, while the female's copulatory papilla is everted and attached to the male's genitalia. The female then touches the ventral surface of the male's elevated tegmina with her mandible. |
Not described. |
Souza-Dias et al (2015)Souza-Dias, P.G.B., Desutter-Grandcolas, L., Pereira, M.R., 2015. Pizacris: A new genus and two new species of Luzarinae cricket close to Guabamima de Mello, 1992 and Mellopsis Mews & Sperber, 2010 (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Luzarinae). Zootaxa 3956, 374-388. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3956.3.3.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3956.3....
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Phaeophilacris (Speluncacris) bredoides Kaltenbach, 1986
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Reproductive behavior started after an indifferent phase of 30-60 s duration, during which the male showed no detectable response towards the female. The male starts looking for the female and stops within 50-80 mm of her, with his head towards the female, and the pair arranged at an angle of 30-90°. If the angle is < 70°, the male adjusts his head so that the female is positioned between the male's antennae. The male turns and follows the female whenever she moves, targeting the female positioned between his antennae. If the female tries to escape, the male chases after her. |
The male touches the female with his antennae, performing balance movements, and then the male performs characteristic wing movements towards the female. If the female does not respond to these stimuli with antennal contact, the male moves around the female, makes fanning movements, and shifts “from one leg to the other”, with his head invariably facing the female. In response to this “courtship”, the female turns to the male, if not already in that position. Male and female are positioned head-to-head, aligned and the distance between them decreases to 10-20 mm, and antennal contact occurs between them. During this phase, the male sometimes performs wing movements. In the following pre-copulatory phase, the male initiates regular synchronous lateral movements of the cerci. These movements continued indicating readiness for copulation until the end of reproductive behavior. Sometimes the pre-copulatory phase was observed before mutual alignment. This phase, like the previous one, may include wing movement. In response to "courtship", the female assumes the copulation position. For the couple to assume the copulation position, the male turns to bring the tip of the abdomen closer to the female's head, correcting its position in relation to the female, feeling her with the antennae. After this turn, the male's antennae are directed backwards, touching the female. After the turn, the male assumes the copulation position, moving backwards trying to stay exactly under the female, swinging his body and forcing the female to mount his back. At the same time, the male raises his tegmina by 90-120° in relation to the body. The female's abdomen is positioned between the male's cerci, aligning her genitalia with the male's genitalia. |
The copulation phase begins with the coupling of the couple's genitals. The male then jerks upward with the tip of the abdomen until mating occurs, and several seconds later the spermatophore is released and sperm transfer begins. During mating and spermatophore transfer, the male stimulates the female's abdomen with lateral movements of his siccas. Copulation lasts 65 min. |
At the end of copulation, the female detaches from the male with an upward movement. During the entire sequence of reproductive behavior, the female is relatively passive, while the male is more active, performing wing beats, rocking, antennal touches, and stimulation from the female's sieges. These movements seem to prevent the receptive mature female from finishing mating. |
Lunichkin et al. (2016)Lunichkin, A.M., Zhemchuzhnikov, M.K., Knyazev, A.N., 2016. Basic elements of behavior of the cricket Phaeophilacris bredoides Kaltenbach (Orthoptera, Gryllidae). Entomol. Rev. (Engl. Transl.) 96, 537-544. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873816050031.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S001387381605003...
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Endecous (Endecous) chape Souza-Dias & de Mello, 2017
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Both the male and female walked through the arena touching the substrate with antennae and maxillary palpi. Males scavenged the substrate more actively than females, displaying grooming behavior while scavenging the substrate. The first contact between male and female occurs through mutual antennation on any part of the other’s body. |
After antennal contact, the males initiated courtship by placing themselves next to the female and touching her tergites, ovipositor, or cerci with their antennae or forelegs. At the same time, the male elevated its tegmina about 80° and stridulated intermittently. The female touched the male cerci or tergites with her antennae, sometimes kicking the male’s antennae and body with her hindleg, while the male continued to stridulate intermittently. During this time, the male slowly neared the female and performed a series of sudden but mild anteroposterior vibrations with his body, touching the female’s abdomen, cerci, and hind femora with his hind tarsus. The male also moved its cerci up and down, and slightly lifted his abdomen. During the courtship stridulation, the male can partially evert its genitalia, and slowly positioned themselves to show its backs to the female, exposing the spermatophore. Alternatively, the male can expose the spermatophore even when in the mating position. Copulation lasted ca. 11 min. |
The male walked backwards with the abdomen touching the substrate, elevating its tegmina about 130°, positioning itself under the female and assuming the mating position (female-above). During mating positioning, the female moved her subgenital plate downward and the male engaged its phallic complex with the female's genitalia. During copulation, the male performed ascending and lateral movements of the cerci. Mating ended when the female separated from the male, taking no specific position. |
After the couple separated, the male retained the spermatophore, removed it using its hind tibial spines The spermatophore was then eaten. Post-copulation songs can be emitted by the male right after the couple separation. The male can also begin another courtship, stridulating and producing another spermatophore. |
Fianco et al. (2019) |
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Endecous (Notendecous) onthophagus (Berg, 1891)
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After the couple was released in the arena, they both moved around, antennating the substrate until they adopted a direct visual orientation. Antennal contact on any part of their bodies started when they found each other. The male then started courtship after antennation. |
The courtship is characterized by two stages: (1) pre-spermatophore extrusion: females walked slowly while the males followed her, antennating her body, and stridulating intermittently; the females lightly kicked the male with its hind legs whenever the male had approached too close to her; a few moments before spermatophore extrusion, they remained motionless and close to each other until the male completely extruded the spermatophore; the authors named this behavior as “male-follows-female”. (2) post-spermatophore extrusion: at this stage, it was the female that followed the male, maintaining antennation while the male walked very slowly, and sporadically stridulating; when the female got closer to the male, she groped his abdomen, hind legs, and cerci using her antennae, palpi and forelegs; the female tried to take the spermatophore from the male, who responded by quickly moving away or by lightly kicking the female; the behavior “female-follows-male” was observed in nine of the 13 encounters. |
The male moved itself backwards positioning underneath the female to take the “female-above” position, while the female, in turn, raised her body. In the copulation position, the males kept the tegmina inclined forward, over his head, and lifted his abdomen tip trying to attach the pseudepiphallus to the female’s subgenital plate. During copulation, the female kept her hind legs between the hind legs of the male, and both positioned their antennae forward, longitudinally, and only the female moved them slowly, while male moved his cerci sporadically. Copulation lasted ca. four minutes. |
The copulation ended either with the female pushing down the male’s abdomen with her hind legs and then stepping off the male in a side movement, or when the female left the copulation position by suspending her body and stepping off the male with a side movement, without using the hind legs to push down the male’s abdomen. The male remained with the spermatophore attached to its genitalia after the copulation. The male removed the spermatophore using the spines of the tibia III or by scraping the terminalia on the substrate, whey the spermatophore is or is not eaten by the male. The male kicked the female when she approached during spermatophore removal. |
Acosta et al. (2020)Acosta, R.C., Timm, V.F., Szinwelski, N., Costa, M.K.M., Zefa, E., 2020. Mating behavior and acoustic communication of the long-legged cricket Endecous (Notendecous) onthophagus (Berg, 1891) from Southern Brazil (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae). Zootaxa 4743, 427-437. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4743.3.10.
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4743.3....
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Eidmanacris
meridionalis
Desutter-Grandcolas, 1995
Desutter-Grandcolas, L., 1995. Le genre Eidmanacris Chopard, 1956 (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Phalangopsidae, Luzarinae): habitat, répartition et espèces nouvelles. Mus. Hist. Nat. 16, 453-474.
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The couple remained motionless for a while (32.13 s ± 50.60 s), and then began walking scouring the substrate with the antennae and performing self-grooming until the pair met. |
The first antennal contact occurs in any body part, the couple then assuming the face-to-face position; the first antennal contact, however, could occur directly in this position. Male and female vibrated its antennae both dorsoventrally and laterally, at an approximately angle of 45. Male positioned themselves in front of the females, raising its tegmina at 90°, exposing the metanotum. The female touches the male abdomen, metanotum and tegmina with its maxillary palps and started to mount on the male back. When the female has not immediately accepted them, the male followed the female, positioning themselves again in front of the females, keeping his tegmina raised. The time the females took for positioning and mounting on the male's back was 99.33 s ± 145.37 s. Females started to feed on the metanotum secretions, and while biting the males' tegmina and hind femora (77.93 s ± 27.51 s). Males exposed the spermatophore, which began to crystallize, gradually becoming translucent and rigid, while the male remained motionless, unless he was bitten by the female, so he slightly moves the abdomen, tegmina and/or forelegs (206.86 s ± 116.41 s). The male then began to stretch its abdomen while remaining motionless (5 s ± 3 s). |
Male performed rapid dorsoventral movements of the abdomen, and, using its genitalia, pull the female subgenital plate downwards, to engaging its phallic sclerite to the female copulatory papillae. When such structures were attached, male performed rapid anteroposterior and dorsoventral movements, in an in-and-out sequence, while female continued to feed on the secretions released in the metanotum. Female can leave the mating position, even when they were connected to the male. Copulation ended when the detachment of the couple has occurred. |
This phase starts after the couple detaches. In all encounters, the male remained with the spermatophore, removing it by rubbing the terminal part of his abdomen against the substrate. Some males ate the spermatophore and others merely left it on the substrate. The male then walked randomly through the arena, screening the substrate with its antennae. The female performs the same behavior, but could remain on the males’ back, feeding on the secretions released in the metanotum. Males could eventually try to start subsequent copulation attempts, which have initiated with antennal contact. |
This paper. |
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