Nutrition status of elderly smokers and former smokers of São Paulo City, Brazil

Gonçalves, Isis Bonfitto; Lebrão, Maria Lúcia; Duarte, Yeda Aparecida de Oliveira; Wagner, Gabriela Arantes; Zanetta, Dirce Maria Trevisan

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Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia

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Sumário

ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Rev. bras. epidemiol. 21 (Suppl 02) • 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720180013.supl.2 copy

Nutrition status of elderly smokers and former smokers of São Paulo City, Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Objectives:

The concomitance of smoking and poor dietary habits represents a worsened prognosis of health and quality of life for elderly. The aim of this study was to characterize the nutritional status of elderly who were smokers and former smokers and residents of São Paulo city.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2010 with a representative sample of 1,345 individuals aged 60 years and over, who were part of the elderly cohort monitored at the SABE Study. Sociodemographic, health, and nutritional aspects of the elderly were described, according to their tobacco use in life.

Results:

The proportion of smokers and former smokers was 12.9 and 54.7%, 11.0 and 25.2%, and 11.8 and 37.2% for male, female, and total population, respectively. For both genders, increasing age decreased the proportion of smokers. The proportion of proper fruit intake was smaller for female smokers. Poorer nutritional status was observed in smokers, who had fewer meals per day and greater frequency of underweight compared with elderly nonsmokers.

Conclusion:

Considering the impact of inappropriate eating habits and smoking on health, elderly smokers deserve special attention on their nutritional status.

Keywords:
Nutritional status; Feeding behavior; Aged; Tobacco; Brazil; Epidemiology

	Gender
	Men		Women		Total
	%	(95%CI)	%	(95%CI)	%	(95%CI)
Tobacco
Nonsmoker	32.4	(27.8 - 37.5)	63.8	(59.5 - 67.9)	51.1	(47.5 - 54.6)
Ex-smoker	54.7	(49.6 - 59.6)	25.2	(22.1 - 28.6)	37.2	(34.4 - 40.0)
Smoker	12.9	(9.7 - 16.9)	11.0	(8.7 - 13.8)	11.8	(9.7 - 14.3)

	Men				Women				Total
	^¥ NS %	ES %	S %	p-value*	NS %	ES %	S %	p-value	NS %	ES %	S %	p-value
Tobacco	32.4	54.7	12.9	< 0.001	63.8	25.2	11.0	< 0.001	51.1	37.2	11.8	< 0.001
Age (years)
60 - 64	29.3	51.0	19.7	0.027	53.5	31.5	15.0	< 0.001	42.9	40.1	17.1	< 0.001
65 - 69	41.8	48.5	9.8		56.0	29.4	14.6		50.2	37.2	12.6
70 - 74	36.1	53.7	10.3		76.2	17.2	6.7		60.0	31.9	8.1
≥ 75	26.3	66.8	6.8		73.7	19.9	6.4		56.6	36.9	6.6
Ethnicity
White	34.1	52.6	13.3	0.622	68.5	21.1	10.4	0.009	54.7	33.7	11.6	0.013
Others	30.2	57.5	12.4	0.622	57.3	31.0	11.8	0.009	45.9	42.1	12.0	0.013
Schooling (grade)
Up to 3^rd	26.5	61.2	12.3	0.295	62.6	26.7	10.8	0.531	50.0	38.7	11.3	0.750
4^th - 7^th	29.3	56.8	13.9		65.6	25.2	9.2		50.6	38.2	11.2
> 8^th	40.8	46.8	12.5		63.1	22.9	13.9		52.7	34.1	13.3
Family arrangement
Living alone	27.7	55.1	17.2	0.711	59.2	23.6	17.3	0.032	50.6	32.1	17.3	0.074
Living together	33.0	54.6	12.4	0.711	64.9	25.6	9.6	0.032	51.1	38.1	10.8	0.074
Monthly income (quartile)
1st	15.7	61.6	22.7	0.005	68.4	22.2	9.4	0.583	56.0	31.5	12.5	0.195
2nd	29.7	52.8	17.6		58.3	28.8	12.9		48.3	37.2	14.6
3rd	26.7	67.1	6.2		65.7	23.5	10.9		47.2	44.2	8.7
4th	41.5	48.4	10.2		63.1	23.3	13.6		49.9	38.6	11.5

	Men				Women				Total
	^¥ NS %	ES %	S %	p-value*	NS %	ES %	S %	p-value*	NS %	ES %	S %	p-value*
Classification by BMI^&
Underweight	28.9	49.2	21.9	0.360	50.1	22.3	27.6	< 0.001	41.3	33.5	25.2	< 0.001
Normal weight	32.3	52.9	14.8		60.1	26.4	13.5		46.8	39.0	14.1
Overweight/obese	32.7	57.7	9.7		68.8	25.6	5.6		56.8	36.2	7.0
Weight loss in the past year
None	17.4	56.7	25.9	0.076	64.9	22.4	12.7	0.880	51.3	32.2	16.5	0.213
1 - 3 kg	27.9	69.6	2.5		63.5	29.0	7.5		50.4	44.0	5.7
≥ 3 kg	33.8	53.7	12.5		63.7	25.3	11.0		51.1	37.3	11.6
Number of full meals per day
< 3	20.5	60.1	19.3	0.161	46.8	29.0	24.2	0.002	33.8	44.4	21.8	0.002
≥ 3	34.2	53.8	12.0	0.161	65.5	24.8	9.7	0.002	53.1	36.3	10.6	0.002
Self-perception of nutrition
Good	32.9	54.1	13.0	0.083	65.0	24.5	10.5	0.083	51.7	36.8	11.5	0.295
Not so good	23.4	65.6	11.1	0.083	50.2	33.0	16.7	0.083	42.3	42.6	15.1	0.295
Self-perception of health
Good	27.7	55.1	17.2	0.711	59.2	23.6	17.3	0.032	50.6	32.1	17.3	0.074
Not so good	33.0	54.6	12.4	0.711	64.9	25.6	9.6	0.032	51.1	38.1	10.8	0.074
Waist-hip ratio
Above	38.9	46.7	14.4	0.534	60.6	26.2	13.3	0.412	55.3	31.1	13.6	0.099
Below	30.6	55.9	13.5	0.534	64.9	25.1	10.0	0.412	49.5	39.0	11.6	0.099
Consumption of alcoholic beverages (days/week)
< 1	32.3	56.4	11.4	0.427	64.4	25.7	10.0	0.059	53.9	35.7	10.4	0.022
1 - 3	27.4	56.8	15.9		58.4	23.5	18.0		38.8	44.6	16.7
> 4	39.5	45.2	15.4		59.7	11.8	28.5		42.9	39.5	17.6
Chronic diseases
None	36.4	48.9	14.8	0.285	68.3	19.8	12.0	0.039	52.3	34.3	13.4	0.021
1	33.4	52.5	14.1		64.4	22.6	13.0		53.0	33.6	13.4
≥ 2	28.2	61.6	10.2		60.9	30.7	8.4		48.3	42.6	9.1

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[1] Corresponding author: Dirce Maria Trevisan Zanetta. Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Epidemiologia. Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 715, CEP: 01246-904, São Paulo, SP, Brasil. E-mail: dzanetta@usp.br