Food consumption according to degree of processing and sociodemographic characteristics: Estudo Pró-Saúde, Brazil

Berti, Talita Lelis; Rocha, Thalita Fialho da; Curioni, Cíntia Chaves; Verly Junior, Eliseu; Bezerra, Flávia Fioruci; Canella, Daniela Silva; Faerstein, Eduardo

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Rev. bras. epidemiol. 22 • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720190046 copy

Food consumption according to degree of processing and sociodemographic characteristics: Estudo Pró-Saúde, Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Objective:

To investigate the food consumption according to the degree of processing and associations with sociodemographic characteristics.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study of the Estudo Pró-Saúde (Pro-Health Study), with 520 civil servants of university campuses, Rio de Janeiro, 2012-13. A food frequency questionnaire was used to classify food consumption: 1) in natura, minimally processed, food preparations based on these foods; 2) processed foods; 3) ultra-processed foods. The relative energy contribution of each group was determined, and a seemingly unrelated equations regression (SUR) regression model was used to estimate associations with sociodemographic characteristics.

Results:

The in natura food group (1) contributed with 59% of the energy consumption and was directly associated with age [45-49 years (β = 1.8 confidence interval of 95% - 95%CI -1.2; 4.8); 50-54 (β = 1.5 95%CI -1.5; 4.5); 55-59 (β = 2.9 95%CI -0.4; 6.3) and ≥ 60 (β = 4.6 95%CI 1.1; 8.2)], compared to age ≤ 44. In contrast, the group of ultra-processed foods contributed 27% and were inversely associated with age [45-49 (β = -1.7 95%CI -4.3; 0.9); 50-54 (β = -1.8 95%CI -4.3; 0.9); 55-59 (β = -4.9 95%CI -8.0; -2.0); ≥ 60 (β = -4.5 95%CI -7.6; -1.5)]. Gender, income and schooling were not associated with food consumption.

Conclusion:

Younger adults had higher consumption of ultra-processed foods, indicating the need for interventions mainly in this age group. The absence of association with other sociodemographic characteristics may be due to the influence of contextual factors.

Keywords:
Food consumption; Socioeconomic factors; Cross-sectional studies; Regression analysis

Food groups and consumer items	Percentage of total energy intake (%)	95%CI
in natura foods and minimally processed foods or food preparations based on these processed foods	59.9	58.9 - 60.9
Fruits	8.8	8.3 - 9.4
Beef and pork	6.1	5.7 - 6.5
Rice	5.5	5.1 - 5.8
Chicken meat	5.3	5.0 - 5.7
Milk	5.2	4.7 - 5.6
Pasta	5.0	4.6 - 5.5
Bean	4.7	4.4 - 5.1
Fresh fish	2.4	2.2 - 2.6
Greens and vegetables	2.4	2.3 - 2.5
Addition sugar	2.4	2.1 - 2.6
Pulp or fruit juice	2.0	1.7 - 2.2
Roots and tubers	1.9	1.8 - 2.1
Barbecue	1.6	1.4 - 1.8
Eggs	1.2	1.1 - 1.3
Other foods*	5.7	5.4 - 5.9
Processed food	13.2	12.6 - 13.7
French bread	6.9	6.5 - 7.3
Cheese	2.9	2.6 - 3.1
Processed meats**	1.0	0.9 - 1.2
Milk-based sweets	1.5	1.2 - 1.7
Fruit-based sweets	1.0	0.8 - 1.2
Canned vegetables***	0.1	0.1 - 0.2
Ultra-processed foods	26.9	26.0 - 27.7
Sweets (candies, chocolates, ice cream)	4.1	3.8 - 4.5
Salted crackers, popcorn, peanuts	3.3	3.1 - 3.6
Sausages****	3.0	2.7 - 3.2
Cake	2.7	2.4 - 3.1
Loaf bread	2.3	2.2 - 2.4
Margarine	2.3	2.1 - 2.4
Soft drinks	1.9	1.7 - 2.1
Sweet biscuits	1.9	1.6 - 2.2
French fries, potato sticks and chips	1.7	1.5 - 1.9
Other ultra-processed foods*****	3.3	3.0 - 3.5

	n	in natura and minimally processed foods, or food preparations based on these foods		Processed food		Ultra-processed foods
	n	Mean (%)	95%CI	Mean (%)	95%CI	Mean (%)	95%CI
Gender
Female	270	58.4	57.0 - 59.8	13.4	12.6 - 14.2	27.2	26.0 - 28.4
Male	250	58.8	57.4 - 60.1	12.9	12.2 - 13.6	26.5	25.2 - 27.7
Age (years)
≤ 44	100	56.5	54.5 - 58.5	13.5	12.4 - 14.7	29.4	27.5 - 31.3
45 to 49	115	58.4	56.3 - 60.6	13.0	11.9 - 14.2	27.4	25.7 - 29.2
50 to 54	128	58.2	56.1 - 60.3	12.9	11.8 - 14.0	27.4	25.5 - 29.2
55 to 59	82	59.3	56.7 - 62.0	13.7	12.1 - 15.3	24.7	22.4 - 27.0
≥ 60	95	60.7	58.5 - 62.9	12.7	11.6 - 13.8	24.5	22.6 - 26.5
Schooling
Elementary school	49	58.9	55.4 - 62.4	12.7	11.0 - 14.5	25.4	22.1 - 28.7
Secondary school	184	59.4	57.7 - 61.0	12.9	12.0 - 13.8	26.2	24.9 - 27.6
College	283	58.0	56.6 - 59.3	13.4	12.7 - 14.2	27.5	26.3 - 28.7
Equivalent income
≤ 3 MW	153	59.5	57.8 - 61.3	13.2	12.2 - 14.3	25.8	24.3 - 27.3
3-6 MW	206	57.8	56.2 - 59.4	13.0	12.1 - 13.9	27.6	24.3 - 27.1
> 6 MW	151	59.1	57.2 - 61.0	13.3	12.4 - 14.3	26.2	24.6 - 27.8

	in natura foods*		Processed foods		Ultra-processed foods
	crude β	adjusted β **	crude β	adjusted β **	crude β	adjusted β **
	(95%CI)		(95%CI)		(95%CI)
Gender (reference category: male)
Female	-0.4 (-2.3; 1.6)	-0.4 (-2.3; 1.5)	0.5 (-0.6; 1.6)	0.6 (-0.5; 1.7)	0.7 (-1.0; 2.5)	0.6 (-1.1; 2.3)
Age (reference category: ≤ 44 years)
45 to 49	1.9 (-1.1; 5.0)	1.8 (-1.2; 4.8)	-0.5 (-2.2; 1.2)	-0.6 (-2.3; 1.1)	-2.0 (-4.6; 0.7)	-1.7 (-4.3; 0.9)
50 to 54	1.7 (-1.2; 4.6)	1.5 (-1.5; 4.5)	-0.6 (-2.2; 1.0)	-0.6 (-2.4; 1.0)	-2.0 (-4.6; 0.6)	-1.8 (-4.3; 0.9)
55 to 59	2.8 (-0.4; 6.1)	2.9 (-0.4; 6.3)	0.2 (-1.6; 2.0)	0.3 (-1.5; 2.3)	-4.6 (-7.5; -1.7)	-4.9 (-8.0; -2.0)
≥ 60	4.3 (1.1; 7.4)	4.6 (1.1; 8.2)	-0.8 (-2.6; 0.9)	-1.0 (-2.9; 1.0)	-4.9 (-7.6; - 2.1)	-4.5 (-7.6; -1.5)
Education (reference category: elementary school)
Secondary school	0.4 (-3.1; 4.1)	2.0 (-1.5; 5.7)	0.2 (-1.8; 2.1)	-0.4 (-2.5; 1.6)	0.8 (-2.3; 4.0)	-0.2 (-3.4; 2.9)
College	0.7 (-1.2; 2.6)	1.1 (-2.7; 4.9)	0.7 (-1.2; 2.6)	-0.3 (-2.4; 1.9)	2.1 (-0.9; 5.1)	0.9 (-2.4; 4.3)
Equivalent income (reference category: ≤ 3 MW)
3 to 6 MW	-1.7 (-4.1; 0.6)	-1.4 (-3.9; 1.0)	-0.2 (-1.5; 1.1)	-0.4 (-1.8; 0.9)	1.8 (-0.3; 3.9)	1.3 (-0.9; 3.4)
> 6 MW	-0.4 (-3.0; 2.1)	0.1 (-2.7; 2.9)	0.1 (-1.3; 1.5)	-0.2 (-1.8; 1.3)	0.4 (-1.8; 2.6)	-0.5 (-2.9; 2.0)

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[1] Corresponding author: Talita Lelis Berti. Instituto de Medicina Social, Pró-Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Maracanã, Bloco E, 7º andar, CEP: 20550-013, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. E-mail: talita.lberti@gmail.com