Correlated factors of depression among male and female inmates

Santos, Maíra Mendes dos; Barros, Claudia Renata dos Santos; Andreoli, Sérgio Baxter

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Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE • Rev. bras. epidemiol. 22 • 2019 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-549720190051 copy

Correlated factors of depression among male and female inmates

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT:

Introduction:

The prevalence of depression is high in the prison system, and the differences between sex regarding associated risk factors are still not clear. We analyzed the correlated factors of depression among incarcerated men and women in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional study with stratified and multi-stage probabilistic sample was performed. Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was applied for psychiatric diagnostic classification, as well as a questionnaire on criminal history with 1,192 men and 617 women. Lifetime prevalence of mental disorder was calculated, and association analysis performed by multinomial logistic regression stratified by sex. A dependent variable was categorized into depression, any other mental disorder and no mental disorder (reference).

Results:

The prevalence of depression was of 33.3% (30.3 - 36.5) in women and 12.9% (11.1 - 15.0) in men. Depression was associated with disciplinary penalty, being in a stable relationship, physical health problems and history of infringement in adolescence in men. Regarding other mental illnesses, the correlated factors were historical transgression during adolescence and re-offense. Among women, depression was associated with physical health problems, drug crimes, violent crimes and being imprisoned.

Discussion:

Results confirmed the differences between associated factors with depression regarding sex.

Conclusion:

Differences in the profile between men and women require effective specialized programs, considering the need for coping strategies for incarcerated men and health-related rehabilitation for women with depression.

Keywords:
Prisoners; Depression; Health

Characteristics		Men		Women
Characteristics		N	%	N	%
Race	White	610	51.2	223	36.1
	Black	227	19.0	182	29.5
	Brown	349	29.3	210	34.1
	Other	6	0.5	2	0.3
Place of birth	São Paulo	887	74.4	424	68.7
Place of birth	Other state	305	25.6	193	31.3
Age(years)	18-27	581	48.7	234	38
	28-37	381	32.0	222	36
	38-47	159	13.3	111	18
	48-57	56	4.7	39	6
	> 57	15	1.3	11	2
Marital status	Partner	709	59.5	259	41.9
Marital status	No Partner	483	40.5	358	58.1
Employment before incarceration	Yes	932	78.2	377	61.1
Employment before incarceration	No	260	21.8	240	38.9
Type of prison unit	Penitentiary	676	56.7	521	84.4
Type of prison unit	Provisional Detention Center	516	43.3	96	15.6
History of adolescent delinquency	Yes	201	16.9	59	9.6
History of adolescent delinquency	No	991	83.1	558	90.4
Repeat offender	Yes	486	40.8	148	24.0
Repeat offender	No	706	59.2	469	76.0
Time served	≤ 1 year	496	41.6	123	19.9
Time served	> 1 year	696	58.4	494	80.1
Type of crime	Drug crime	104	8.7	161	26.1
	Violent crime	822	69	349	56.6
	Crime against property	266	22.3	107	17.3
Lack of discipline in prison	Yes	192	16.1	125	20.1
Lack of discipline in prison	No	1000	83.9	493	79.9
Physical health problems	Yes	345	28.9	257	41.7
Physical health problems	No	849	71.1	360	58.3

Reference category	Variables	Prevalence (%)	Bivariate Analysis		Multiple Analysis
Reference category	Variables	Prevalence (%)	OR	CI95%	OR	CI95%
Have depression	Have an infringement history in adolescence	16,8	2.1	1.3 - 3.5	2.1	1.2 - 3.5
	Have a partner	40,5	1.7	1.1 - 2.5	1.6	1.0 - 2.4
	Commited a drug crime	9,8	1. 8	0.9 - 3.5	1.9	0.9 - 3.9
	Commited a violent crime	67,5	0.7	0.4 - 1.1	0.9	0.6 - 1.5
	Be a repeat offender	59,2	1.6	1.1 - 2.39	1.4	0.9 - 2.2
	Lack of discipline	83,8	1.4	0.8 - 2.2	1.6	1.0 - 2.8
	Be up to one year in prison	58,4	1.6	1.1 - 2.3	1.2	0.7 - 1.9
	Prisoner in a prison	50,0	0. 6	0.4 - 0.8	0.6	0.4 - 1.0
	Physical health problems*	20,9	1.5	1.0 - 2.2	1.5	1.0 - 2.3
Having other mental disorders	Have a criminal history in adolescence	20,3	1.9	1.3 - 2.7	1.8	1.2 - 2.6
	Have a partner	57,5	1.0	0.7 - 1.2	0.9	0.7 - 1.2
	Committed drug crime	10,8	1.3	0.8 - 2.2	1.4	0.8 - 2.5
	Committed violent crime	65,1	0.7	0.5 - 1.0	0.8	0.6 - 1.2
	Be a repear offender	46,5	1.8	1.3 - 2.3	1.5	1.2 - 2.1
	Lack of discipline	16,4	1.0	0.7 - 1.5	1.0	0.7 - 1.5
	Up to one year in prison	42,7	1.2	0.9 - 1.5	1.0	0.7 - 1.5
	Prisoner in a prison	55,6	0.7	0.5 - 1.0	0.8	0.5 - 1.1
	Physical health problems*	17,7	1.2	0.8 - 1.7	1.1	0.8 - 1.6

Reference category	Variable	Prevalence (%)	Univariate Analysis		Multiple Analysis
Reference category	Variable	Prevalence (%)	OR	CI95%	OR	CI95%
Have depression	Have physical health problems	31.5	2.2	1.5 - 3.1	3.0	1.8 - 5.1
	Prisoner in a penetenciary	88.9	1.3	0.9 - 1.7	2.1	1.0 - 4.2
	Have a partner	47.9	1.1	0.9 - 1.5	1.5	0.9 - 2.4
	Committed a drug crime	31.7	2.2	1.4 - 3.4	2.4	1.1 - 5.0
	Committed a violent crime	51.9	0.8	0.6 - 1.2	1.9	1.0 - 3.7
	Be a repeat offender	27.5	1.3	1.0 - 1.8	2.0	1.0 - 3.8
	Have lack of discipline	22.3	1.5	1.1 - 2.2	1.4	0.7 - 2.8
	Have an infringement history in adolescence	9	3.1	1.0 - 9.6	2.2	0.6 - 7.2
Have other mental disorders	Have physical health problems*	24.6	1.4	1.0 - 1.9	1.9	1.2 - 3.2
	Prisoner in a penetenciary	85.4	1.0	0.8 - 1.2	1.2	0.6 - 2.2
	Have a partner	39.5	0.9	0.7 - 1.1	1.0	0.6 - 1.6
	Committed a drug crime	22.2	1.2	0.8 - 1.8	1.8	0.9 - 3.7
	Committed a violent crime	62.5	0.9	0.7 - 1.2	2.4	1.3 - 4.5
	Be a repear offender	26.1	1.6	1.3 - 2.0	1.8	1.0 - 3.5
	Have lack of discipline	22.6	1.3	0.9 - 1.7	1.4	0.7 - 2.7
	Have a criminal history in adolescence	13.4	4.9	1.7 - 14.2	3.4	1.1 - 10.4

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[1] Corresponding author: Maíra Mendes dos Santos. Avenida Conselheiro Nébias, 300, Vila Mathias, CEP: 11.015-002, Santos, SP, Brazil. E-mail: maimendes@yahoo.com.br