Carvalho, Caroline; Irffi, Guilherme

Caroline Carvalho

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Economia da Universidade Federal do Ceará (Caen/UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil (carolinnedepaula@hotmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1032-2260).

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1032-2260

Guilherme Irffi

Departamento de Economia Aplicada e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Economia da Universidade Federal do Ceará (Caen/UFC), Fortaleza-CE, Brazil (guidirffi@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-7628).

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-7628

Caroline Carvalho Graduate Program in Economics, Federal University of Ceará (Caen/UFC) Avenida da Universidade, 2700, 2º floor, Benfica 60.020-181 – Fortaleza-CE, Brazil

Guilherme Irffi Graduate Program in Economics, Federal University of Ceará (Caen/UFC) Avenida da Universidade, 2700, 2º floor, Benfica 60.020-181 – Fortaleza-CE, Brazil

^* The authors wish to thank Daniel Suliano, Mércia Santos da Cruz, and Ricardo Brito, as well as the participants of the XX Encontro Regional de Economia and the 43º Encontro Nacional de Economia for their comments. The authors retain sole responsibility for any errors or omissions.

Caroline Carvalho is pursuing a master's degree in Economics at Graduate Program in Economics, Federal University of Ceará (Caen/UFC) and graduate in Economics from UFC.

Guilherme Irffi is Professor at Graduate Program in Economics, Federal University of Ceará (Caen/UFC) and research fellow of Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(CNPq).

Religion	Previous		Current
Religion	N	%	N	%
Catholic	4,040	71.58	3,362	58.98
Evangelical Pentecostal	668	11.84	1,049	18.40
No religion	367	6.50	488	8.56
Evangelical non-Pentecostal	222	3.93	303	5.32
Spiritism	141	2.50	238	4.18
Other	105	1.96	151	2.65
Afro-Brazilian	91	1.61	98	1.72
Judaism	10	0.18	11	0.19
Total	5,644	100.00	5,700	100.00

Values	Frequency of church attendance	N	%	Frequency of prayer	N	%
1	More than once a week	1,524	26.78	Every day	4,065	71.49
2	Once a week	1,663	29.23	Almost everyday	720	12.66
3	Once every 15 days	485	8.52	At least once a week	397	6.98
4	Once a month	753	13.23	Once every 15 days	63	1.11
5	Once every six months	305	5.36	Once a month	76	1.34
6	Once a year	239	4.20	Less than once a month	41	0.72
7	Do not usually go to churches	721	12.67	Do not pray	324	5.70
Total		5,690	100.00		5,686	100.00

Variable	Description
Demographic
Male	1 if male and 0 if female
Age 1*	1 if between 16 and 24 years old, and 0 otderwise
Age 2	1 if between 25 and 34 years old, and 0 otderwise
Age 3	1 if between 35 and 44 years old, and 0 otderwise
Age 4	1 if between 45 and 59 years old, and 0 otderwise
Age 5	1 if over 60 years old, and 0 otderwise
Married	1 if married (or legally cohabitating), and 0 otderwise
Interreligion marriage	1 if married to someone of anotder religion, and 0 otderwise
Socioeconomic
Illiterate	1if illiterate, and 0 otderwise
Elementary School	1 if elementary education (complete or incomplete), and 0 otderwise
High school	1 if high school (complete or incomplete), and 0 otderwise
Higher Education*	1 if at least incomplete higher education, and 0 otderwise
Income 1 ($ 0 to $ R 700)	1 if household gross income is up to two minimum wages³ 3 Because of the availability of data, the dummies for family income consider the minimum wage in the year of the survey (2007), whose value was R$ 350.00. [4], and 0 otderwise
Income 2 (R $ 701 to R $ 1,750)	1 if household gross income is between two and five minimum wages, and 0 otderwise
Income 3 (R $ 1,751 to R $ 3,500)	1 if household gross income is between five and ten times tde minimum wage, and 0 otderwise
Income 4 (over US $ 3,500)*	1 if household gross income is more tdan ten times tde minimum wage, and 0 otderwise
PEA	1 if belongs to tde economically active population, and 0 otderwise
Cultural
Abortion	1 if favorable to abortion in more cases or in any situation, and 0 otderwise
Homosexual Marriage	1 if favorable to legalization of homosexual union, and 0 otderwise
Adoption	1 if favorable to child adoption by homosexual couples, and 0 otderwise
PriorCatdolic	1 if tde former religion was Catdolic, and 0 otderwise
Prior Evangelical Pentecostal	1 if tde previous religion wasEvangelicalPentecostal, and 0 otderwise
Prior Evangelical non-Pentecostal	1 if tde previous religion was Evangelical non-Pentecostal, and 0 otderwise
No prior religion	1 if had no religion before, and 0 otderwise
Catdolic	1 if tde current religion is Catdolic, and 0 otderwise
Evangelical Pentecostal	1 iftde current religion is EvangelicalPentecostal, and 0 otderwise
Evangelical non-Pentecostal	1 if tde current religion is Evangelical non-Pentecostal religion, and 0 otderwise
No Religion	1 if currently has no religious affiliation, and 0 otderwise
Religious institution	1 if studying / studied in a religious institutions, and 0 otderwise
Geographical
Soutdeast	1 if residing in tde Soutdeast region, and 0 otderwise
Soutd	1 if residing in tde Soutd region, and 0 otderwise
Nortdeast	1 if residing in tde Nortdeast region, and 0 otderwise
Nortd / Midwest*	1 if residing in tde Nortd / Midwest region, and 0 otderwise
Metropolitan	1 if living in tde capital or in tde metropolitan area, and 0 otderwise

Variables	Mean	Standard deviation
Disaffiliated	0.0537	0.2256
No God	0.0331	0.1789
No Heaven	0.3737	0.4838
No Hell	0.4438	0.4968
No church	3.0444	2.0284
No prayer	1.7309	1.5548
Male	0.4796	0.4996
Age 1	0.2514	0.4338
Age 2	0.2289	0.4201
Age 3	0.2005	0.4004
Age 4	0.1894	0.3919
Age 5	0.1296	0.3359
Married	0.4667	0.4989
Inter-religion	0.0855	0.2797
Income 1	0.4233	0.4941
Income 2	0.3840	0.4864
Income 3	0.1244	0.3300
Income 4	0.0682	0.2522
Illiterate	0.0369	0.1886
Elementary education	0.4225	0.4940
High school	0.4090	0.4917
Higher education	0.1314	0.3378
PEA	0.6891	0.4628
Religious institution	0.1813	0.3853
Homosexual marriage	0.4389	0.4963
Adoption	0.4466	0.4971
Abortion	0.7063	0.4554
Evangelical Pentecostal	0.1840	0.3875
Evangelical non-Pentecostal	0.0531	0.2243
Catholic	0.5898	0.4919
No religion	0.0856	0.2798
Prior Catholic	0.1183	0.3230
Prior Evangelical Pentecostal	w0.0393	0.1944
Prior Evangelical non-Pentecostal	0.7158	0.4510
No prior religion	0.0650	0.2465
South	0.0684	0.2524
Northeast	0.1215	0.3268
Southeast	0.7436	0.4366
North / Midwest	0.0663	0.2488
Metropolitan	0.5836	0.4929

Variable	Disaffiliation	No God	No Heaven	No Hell
Male	0.0241*	0.0158*	-0.0142	-0.0246
Age 2	-0.0052	-0.0011	0.0529	0.0637*
Age 3	0.0045	-0.0063	0.0496	0.0841*
Age 4	-0.0057	0.0001	0.1041*	0.0820*
Age 5	-0.0072	-0.0062	0.0841*	0.0845*
Married	-0.0119	-0.0048	-0.0099	-0.0025
Inter-religion marriage	-0.0070	-0.0007	0.0068	0.0407
Income 1	-0.0179	-0.0075	-0.0169	-0.0350
Income 2	-0.0179	-0.0041	0.0007	-0.0104
Income 3	-0.0128	0.0009	0.0790	0.0573
Illiterate	-0.0182	0.0027	-0.0665	-0.0350
Elementary education	-0.0218*	-0.0034	-0.0461	-0.0879*
High school	-0.0192	-0.0003	0.0037	-0.0432
PEA	0.0041	-0.0058	0.0300	0.0234
Metropolitan	0.0103	0.0114*	0.0446*	0.0348
South	-0.0134	0.0225	0.0492	0.1164*
Northeast	-0.0231*	0.0044	-0.0275	0.0651
Southeast	-0.0100	-0.0017	-0.0028	0.0871*
Homosexual Marriage	0.0145	0.0063	0.0417	0.0036
Adoption	0.0090	-0.0046	0.0121	0.0470*
Abortion	-0.0050	-0.0116*	-0.0702*	-0.0754*
Religious institution	-0.0035	0.0122	-0.0245	0.0004
Prior Catholic	-0.0115	0.0024	-0.0331	-0.0629
Prior Evangelical Pentecostal	0.0574*	-0.0038	-0.0312	-0.0640
Prior Evangelical non-Pentecostal	0.0490	0.0066	0.0434	-0.0996
No prior religion		0.0131	0.0549	-0.0114
Catholic		-0.0100	-0.1489*	-0.1561*
Evangelical Pentecostal		-0.0131*	-0.2767*	-0.3476*
Evangelical non-Pentecostal		-0.0094*	-0.2828*	-0.2708*
No religion		0.0380*	0.0334	-0.0090

Frequency	More than once a week	Once a week	Once every 15 days	Once a month	Once every six months	Once a year	Does not usually go to church
Variable	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Male	-0.0582*	-0.0218*	0.0060*	0.0221*	0.0121*	0.0117*	0.0279*
Age 2	-0.0162	-0.0064	0.0016	0.0061	0.0034	0.0033	0.0080
Age 3	0.0079	0.0028	-0.0008	-0.0030	-0.0016	-0.0015	-0.0037
Age 4	0.0403	0.0128*	-0.0046	-0.0153	-0.0080*	-0.0076*	-0.0174*
Age 5	0.0941*	0.0213*	-0.0122*	-0.0351*	-0.0173*	-0.0158*	-0.0346*
Married	-0.0029	-0.0011	0.0003	0.0011	0.0006	0.0005	0.0014
Inter-religion marriage	-0.0683*	-0.0359*	0.0049*	0.0255*	0.0156*	0.0160*	0.0421*
Income 1	0.0384	0.0141	-0.0040	-0.0146	-0.0079	-0.0077	-0.0181
Income 2	0.0136	0.0050	-0.0014	-0.0052	-0.0028	-0.0027	-0.0064
Income 3	0.0032	0.0011	-0.0003	-0.0012	-0.0006	-0.0006	-0.0015
Illiterate	-0.0742*	-0.0415	0.0047*	0.0275*	0.0173*	0.0179*	0.0483
Elementary School	-0.0148	-0.0056	0.0015	0.0056	0.0031	0.0030	0.0071
High school	-0.0073	-0.0027	0.0007	0.0027	0.0015	0.0015	0.0035
PEA	-0.0324*	-0.0112*	0.0035	0.0123*	0.0066*	0.0063*	0.0147*
Metropolitan	0.0030	0.0011	-0.0003	-0.0011	-0.0006	-0.0006	-0.014
South	-0.0994*	-0.0560*	0.0060*	0.0365*	0.0231*	0.0240*	0.0656*
Northeast	-0.0608*	-0.0268*	0.0055*	0.0230*	0.0132*	0.0131*	0.0326*
Southeast	-0.0503*	-0.0196*	0.0051*	0.0191*	0.0106*	0.0103*	0.0247*
Homosexual Marriage	-0.0497*	-0.0192*	0.0050*	0.0189*	0.0104*	0.0101*	0.0243*
Adoption	-0.0095	-0.0035	0.0009	0.0036	0.0019	0.0019	0.0045
Abortion	0.0379*	0.0157*	-0.0036*	-0.0144*	-0.0081*	-0.0080*	-0.0194*
Religious institution	0.0188	0.0065	-0.0020	-0.0071	-0.0038	-0.0037	-0.0085
Prior Catholic	-0.0455	-0.0148	0.0052	0.0173	0.0091	0.0087	0.0199
Prior Evangelical Pentecostal	-0.0339	-0.0148	0.0031	0.0129	0.0073	0.0073	0.0180
Prior Evangelical non-Pentecostal	-0.0775*	-0.0439	0.0047*	0.0286*	0.0181	0.0188	0.0511
No prior religion	-0.0419	-0.0195	0.0036	0.0158	0.0092	0.0093	0.0234
Catholic	-0.0926*	-0.0290*	0.0106*	0.0349*	0.0183*	0.0175*	0.0401*
Evangelical Pentecostal	0.2503*	0.0207*	-0.0358*	-0.0872*	-0.0398*	-0.0356*	-0.0724*
Evangelical non-Pentecostal	0.2272*	0.0073	-0.0342*	-0.0782*	-0.0343*	-0.0299*	-0.0577*
No religion	-0.2478*	-0.3258*	-0.0721*	-0.0493*	0.0217*	0.0529*	0.6204*

Frequency	Everyday	Almost everyday	At least once a week	Once every 15 days	Once a month	Less than once a month	Do not pray
Variable	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Male	-0.1542*	0.0549*	0.0413*	0.0081*	0.0096*	0.0038*	0.0366*
Age 2	0.0488*	-0.0183*	-0.0132*	-0.0025*	-0.0029*	-0.0012	-0.0108*
Age 3	0.0854*	-0.0330*	-0.0230*	-0.0043*	-0.0051*	-0.0020*	-0.0180*
Age 4	0.1395*	-0.0565*	-0.0374*	-0.0069*	-0.0080*	-0.0031*	-0.0276*
Age 5	0.1930*	-0.0840*	-0.0513*	-0.0091*	-0.0104*	-0.0040*	-0.0341*
Married	-0.0056	0.0020	0.0015	0.0003	0.0003	0.0001	0.0013
Inter-religion marriage	-0.0746*	0.0246*	0.0200*	0.0040*	0.0048*	0.0019	0.0193*
Income 1	0.0074	-0.0027	-0.0020	-0.0004	-0.0005	-0.0002	-0.0017
Income 2	-0.0085	0.0031	0.0023	0.0004	0.0005	0.0002	0.0020
Income 3	-0.0108	0.0039	0.0029	0.0006	0.0007	0.0003	0.0025
Illiterate	-0.1058	0.0330	0.0281	0.0058	0.0070	0.0028	0.0292
Elementary School	-0.0080	0.0029	0.0021	0.0004	0.0005	0.0002	0.0018
High school	0.0240	-0.0087	-0.0065	-0.0013	-0.0015	-0.0006	-0.0055
PEA	-0.0171	0.0063	0.0046	0.0009	0.0010	0.0004	0.0039
Metropolitan	-0.0375*	0.0134*	0.0101*	0.0020*	0.0023*	0.0009	0.0088*
South	-0.0674	0.0227*	0.0181	0.0036	0.0043	0.0017	0.0170
Northeast	-0.0138	0.0050	0.0037	0.0007	0.0009	0.0003	0.0032
Southeast	0.0107	-0.0039	-0.0029	-0.0006	-0.0007	-0.0003	-0.0025
Homosexual Marriage	-0.0143	0.0052	0.0039	0.0007	0.0009	0.0003	0.0033
Adoption	-0.0133	0.0048	0.0036	0.0007	0.0008	0.0003	0.0031
Abortion	0.0572*	-0.0199*	-0.0154*	-0.0030*	-0.0036*	-0.0014*	-0.0139*
Religious institution	0.0261	-0.0097	-0.0070	-0.0014	-0.0016	-0.0006	-0.0058
Prior Catholic	0.0226	-0.0080	-0.0061	-0.0012	-0.0014	-0.0006	-0.0053
Prior Evangelical Pentecostal	0.0229	-0.0085	-0.0062	-0.0012	-0.0014	-0.0005	-0.0051
Prior Evangelical non-Pentecostal	-0.0159	0.0056	0.0043	0.0008	0.0010	0.0004	0.0038
No prior religion	-0.0825	0.0268	0.0220	0.0045	0.0054	0.0021	0.0217
Catholic	-0.0088	0.0032	0.0024	0.0005	0.0005	0.0002	0.0020
Evangelical Pentecostal	0.0928*	-0.0363*	-0.0250*	-0.0047*	-0.0054*	-0.0021*	-0.0192*
Evangelical non-Pentecostal	0.0880	-0.0354	-0.0237	-0.0044	-0.0051	-0.0020	-0.0175*
No religion	-0.3603*	0.0695*	0.0860*	0.0204*	0.0260*	0.0109*	0.1475*

[1] Caroline Carvalho Graduate Program in Economics, Federal University of Ceará (Caen/UFC) Avenida da Universidade, 2700, 2º floor, Benfica 60.020-181 – Fortaleza-CE, Brazil

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